AP pysch; social pysch test

groupthink

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group override the realistic appraisal of alternatives; If no one speaks out strongly against an idea, everyone assumes the support was unanimous; coming up with unrealistic solutions because of a desire for harmony

group polarization

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclination through discussions within the group; when people with the same beliefs come together and discuss them, they become more charged and polarized

person perception

how we form impressions of ourselves and others, including attributions of behavior; judgements of people’s behavior

attribution theory

says we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation (situation attribution) or the person’s stable, enduring traits (a dispositional attribution); assumptions about why people behave the way they do

fundamental Attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition; when i met them, they were angry, so that must be how they always are

actor observer bias

The tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes, but for observers to attribute others’ behavior to internal causes; how we say we were misbehaving because of our bad day, not considering our own disposition

Just World phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore what they deserve and deserve what they get; like how people say that good is rewarded and evil is punished

Social identity

The “we” aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to “who am I?” that comes from our group memberships; how we define who we are

ingroup

“Us” - people with whom we share a common identity; like how i’m a member of the LGBTQIA+ community

Outgroup

“Them” - Those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup; Republicans

ingroup Bias

the tendency to favor our own group; like when we favor own group when dividing rewards (Even if the group was create a randomly, just a minute ago)

Scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame; like how many Americans blamed the Chinese for the Covid pandemic

The other race effect (a.k.a. the cross race effect, and the own race bias)

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race, more accurately than faces of other races; kinda stemming from ingroup stuff

attitudes

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events; like if you believe someone is threatening you, you may feel anger toward the person and act defensively

foot in the door phenomenon

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request; like asking mom for five dollars then 20 another day

cognitive dissonance theory

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when 2 of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent; for example, when we become aware that our attitudes (smoking is bad) and our actions (continuing to smoke) clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes (justifying the behavior of smoking)

persuasion

Changing people’s attitudes, potentially influencing their actions; when others try to convince us of something or vice versa

role

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, Defining how those in the position ought to behave (Like when you become a college student or begin a new job)

Peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness. it uses attention-getting cues to trigger speedy emotional based judgments; like how vivid pictures and attractive celebrities can sway we think (pretty privilege?)

Central route persuasion

Occurs when an interested person’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments; to persuade customers to purchase a new gadget, an ad might itemize all of the latest features

Conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard; wanting to fit in with a group

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval; buying the expensive jacket to avoid being looked down on by schoolmates

informational social influence

Influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality; Conforming because of a desire to be accurate; accepting/adopting others’ opinions about reality for yourself because you believe the group knows the truth, but you’re hazy about it

obedience

Complying with an order or a command; Doing what your told, most Germans were obedient to the Nazis

social facilitation

In the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks; when others watch you, you do better at you’re good at what, and worse at what you’re not (the hard, difficult tasks)

social loafing

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their effort efforts toward attending a common goal, than went individually accountable; letting juliana do the write up for the lab when you would’ve done it by yourself if you weren’t in a group

deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that Foster arousal and anonymity; becoming destructive while wearing masks at a sports event because you’re basically anonymous, or trolling online, behind the safety of a screen

aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally; like bill is always aggressive with us

frustration aggression principle

The principal that frustration (the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression; Like when heat or hunger (aversive atoms) feed anger

social scripts

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations; A teen boy faced with a real life challenge may “act like a man” - at least an action film man - by intimidating or eliminating the threat

mere exposure effect

The tendency for repeated exposure to new/novel stimuli to increase our liking of them; Proximity breeds liking; As infants spend a lot of time with their family, of the same race, they begin to prefer photos of the same race

self disclosure

the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others; You do this with therapy and college applications (Self disclosure breeds liking, and liking breeds self disclosure)

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others; Unconditional kindness

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present; Not helping people because others are watching

Social exchange theory

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs; we weight pros and cons when asking ourselves whether to help others; If rewards exceed the costs, you will help

Reciprocity norm

an Expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them; Those for whom we do favors will often return favors

social responsibility norm

An expectation that people will help those needing their help (Young children and others who cannot give as much as they receive), Even if the costs outweigh the benefits; like how during the Covid pandemic many people, despite the risks of infection, cared for those in need

conflict

a Perceived incompatibility of action, goals, or ideas; conflict may seed positive change or it may be a destructive process that produces unwanted results

social traps

A situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their own self interest rather than the Good of the group (or compromise?) become caught in mutually destructive behavior; not compromising Because of greed?

mirror image perceptions

mutual views often help by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful, and view the other side as evil and aggressive; My political party unlike the other has the nation’s best interests at heart

self fulfilling Prophecies

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment; like how Phil Dunphy believes that not catching ur underwear will lead to a bad day, and you making it kinda come true, or; beliefs that confirm themselves by influencing the other country to react in ways that seem to justify those beliefs