Midterm Questions & Terms

Questions & Terms for Midterm Review

A protective mechanism that blocks substances from entering the CNS?

The blood-brain barrier. (BBB)

Define Arthritis:

Arthritis is the inflammation of the joints.

What does the word root in medical terminology usually indicate?

A word root usually indicates anatomical structure.

Define the following: Hemiplegia, Paraplegia, Paresis, and Quadriplegia

·       Hemiplegia (hemi/plegia) paralysis on one side of the body

·       Paraplegia (Para/plegia) paralysis that affects the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk

·       Paresis – a partial paralysis wherein there is a moderate degree of muscular weakness

• * Quadriplegia (Quadr/i/plegia) paralysis of all four limbs

Define Polyphobia:

Fear of many things

Define Photophobia:

Light/Fear. A condition in which the eye are more sensitive than normal to light.

When standing in an anatomical position, what does this mean?

Anatomical Position is that of the body standing upright with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward.

The abbreviations CSF means?

Cerebrospinal Fluid. A colorless fluid produced by the brain that cushions the brain & spinal cord within the posterior (dorsal) cavity.

The abbreviations TIA means?

Transient Ischemic Attack

The abbreviations EEG means?

Electroencephalogram

The abbreviations MRI means?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This is a test that uses radio waves and a magnetic field to view internal organs and structures.

Define Hypertrophy

The enlargement of muscles

What term means an unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin?

Pallor

Define Myopenia

Myo/penia (Muscle/Deficiency) A deficiency or decrease in muscle tissue/ muscle mass

Define Myopathy

Myo/pathy (Muscle/Disease) Any disease or disorder of muscle tissue, especially skeletal muscle

Define the following: Blepharitis, Conjunctivitis, Retinitis

·       Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelids

·       Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva. (“pink eye”)

• Retinitis: Inflammation of the Retina

What is Muscular Dystrophy

MD is a group of inherited disorders that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is one subtype.

Know the following plane, and which part of the body each divides: Sagittal, Midsagittal, Transverse, Horizonal, Frontal, Coronal

·       Frontal (coronal) plane: This plane divides the body or organ into an anterior and posterior portion.

·       Transverse (horizontal) plane: This plane divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portion.

·       Sagittal Plane: This plane divides the body or organ vertically into right and left sides.

Midsagittal: If the sagittal plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called midsagittal

Know the following directional terms: Ventral, Dorsal, and Lateral

·       Dorsal: Toward the back (posterior) of the body

·       Ventral: Toward the front (anterior) of the body

·       Lateral: Toward the side, or farther away from the body’s midline.

See also cranial & caudal, superior & inferior, proximal & distal, medial & lateral

A term that means a visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument?

Endoscopy. Endo/scopy. (Within/Exam)

In Medical Terminology, what does a suffix usually indicate?

A suffix typically indicates conditions/diseases, procedures, or characteristics.

What is the most common vowel attached to a word root to create a combining form?

The most common combining form vowel is an “o”.

Define Rhabdomyolysis:

Rhabdo/myo/lysis (Rod/Muscle/Dissolve): The necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle

Define Arthrocentesis:

Arthro/centesis: A surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint.

Define Osteomyelitis

Osteo/myel/it is: Inflammation of bone and bone marrow.

Define Spondylitis:

Inflammation of the vertebrae or spinal column

Word endings are called:

Suffixes

A procedure which involves needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract cerebrospinal fluid?

Lumbar Puncture.

Define Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is described as bone loss that causes bones to become weak and thin over time. This weakness can lead to fractures from simple movements and occur often in the wrist, shoulder, spine, and hip.

Define ankylosis:

Fixations and immobility of a joint

Define Spina Bifida:

Spine/Cleft. A congenital defect in which the spinal column does not completely close around the spinal cord during fetal development.

A term which means an instrument used to examine the stomach?

Gastroscope

Know the following positional terms: Supine, Prone, and Later Recumbent

·       Supine: When the body is lying on its back, facing upwards.

·       Prone: When the body is lying on its stomach, facing face down

Lateral Recumbent: When the body is lying on its side

Define Homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

Define the following: Craniotomy, Craniectomy

·       Craniotomy: An operation in which a piece of the skull is removed, then typically replaced after the procedure.

Craniectomy: A piece of the skull is surgically removed and left out, at least temporarily, rather than immediately replaced.

What is the difference between a first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree burn?

·       First-Degree Burn: A superficial burn that affects only the epidermis.

·       Second-Degree Burn: A burn that goes deeper and affects both the epidermis and a portion of the dermis.

·       Third-Degree Burn: A burn that fully extends into the epidermis and dermis, destroying the tissue and affecting the nerve endings and sensory function.

·       Fourth-Degree Burn: An even more severe burn, affecting the underlying muscle and bone.

NB: The primary differences is the depth of the burn, impacting the epidermis to the bone depending on severity.

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) composed of:

The CNS is the brain and spinal cord.

Define Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:

Carpal tunnel syndrome may present with pain, numbness, or weakness to the hand(s) caused by pressure on the media nerve. Some causes for this pressure include repetitive movements, trauma or injury to the wrist, or fluid retention related to pregnancy or menopause.

Tendinitis

Inflammation of the tendon

What element is located at the beginning of a medical word?

Prefix

Define the following: Prenatal, Perinatal, and Postnatal

·       Prenatal (before/birth): relating the the period during pregnancy before the baby is born

·       Postnatal (after/birth) relating the period after the baby is born, commonly referred to the first 6 weeks

Perinatal (around/birth): around the time of birth; generally refers to the period immediately before, during, and shortly after birth

A localized collection of pus at the site of infection is:

Abscess

Define Electroencephalography?

To measure electrical activity in the brain with electrodes applied to one’s scalp. It’s used to diagnose conditions of the brain, including seizures, altered mental status, and hemorrhage.

Define Metastasize

To spread from one part of the body to another, especially when referring to cancer

Define Debridement

Excision of damaged tissues and cell debris from a wound of burn to prevent infection and promote healing

Our fight or flight situations are dominated by the:

Sympathetic Nervous System

Define Arthroplasty

Joint Replacement Surgery

Be able to define the difference between Supination, Pronation, Dorsiflexion, and Abduction

·       Supination and Pronation are movements of the forearm. In the anatomical position, the upper limb is held next to the body with the palm facing forward. This is the supinated position. In this position, the radius and ulna are parallel to each other. When the palm faces backward, the forearm is in the pronated position, and the radius and ulna form an X-shape.

·       Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are movements at the ankle joint, which is a hinge joint. Lifting from the front of the foot, so that the top of the foot moves (upward) toward the anterior leg is dorsiflexion. Lifting from the heel of the foot from the ground or pointing the toes downward is plantar flexion.

·       Abduction and adduction motions occur within the coronal plane and involve medial-lateral motions of the limbs, fingers, toes, or thumb. For example, abduction is raising the arm at the shoulder joint, moving it laterally away from the body, while adduction brings the arm down the side of the body.Adduction is also movement that brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body.

Know the difference between each specialist: Massage Therapist, Orthopedics, Chiropractic, and Neurology

·       Orthopedic surgeons are medical doctors who have specialized training in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and surgery of disorder and diseases related to the musculoskeletal systems.

·       Chiropractors are required to have a Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.) degree, which is a 4-year postgraduate professional degree, and state license. Chiropractors focus on spinal adjustments, nutrition, and preventing injury without the use of pharmaceuticals or surgical procedures.

·       Massage therapists manipulate muscles and other soft tissues through touch to relieve pain, aid in the injury-healing process, and reduce stress. Massage therapists generally have a postsecondary degree, although requirements vary by state.

Neurologists are medical doctors who complete specialized training in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders and conditions related to the brain and nervous system.

An injury to a joint whereby a muscle or tendon is overstretched or overexerted is called?

·       Strain is an injury to a muscle or tend caused by stretching or tearing

NB: A sprain is an injury to a joint whereby a ligament is stretched or town

Define opthalmoscopy:

An exam of the fundus of the eye using magnifying lens and light

A disruption of blood flow to the brain because blood cannot flow through blood vessels as a result of a blockage or narrowing of the vessel:

Ischemic Stroke

Know the difference between the following muscles: Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Minimus, Deltoid, and Bicep

·       Gluteus maximus (buttocks): Extends and rotates the hip; helps you stand, climb, and run

·       Gluteus minimus: Abducts and medially rotates the hip

·       Deltoid (Shoulder): Abducts the arm; helps raise/move the arm

·       Biceps (Front of upper arm): Flexes the elbow and helps supinate the forearm

What is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain in which symptoms occur rapidly but last only a short time

Which element is commonly used for pronunciation?

Combining Form Vowel.

Define Dermabrasion:

A procedure to remove superficial scars using sandpaper or revolving wire brushes

Define Fulguration

The destruction of abnormal tissue using an electric current

What is Gout?

Gout is an inflammatory arthritis caused by a buildup or uric acid crystal in a joint. Gout has periods of flares and remission and is common treated through lifestyle changes and medication. While any joint can be affected, it is common in the lower extremities and most often in the big toe

Define Bradycardia

Condition in which the heart beats slower than 50 beats per minute (slow heart beat)

Define Tachycardia

Condition in which the resting rate is above 100 bpm (faster heart beat)