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Presidents during national politics (late 19th to early 20th century)
Key figures include Ulysses S. Grant, William McKinley, and Theodore Roosevelt.
Urban Growth
Significant population increase in cities, driven by rural migration and massive immigration.
Rural Growth
Growth of rural populations, attributed primarily to western settlement.
Immigration in the U.S. (late 19th century)
Massive influx of immigrants, particularly from Southern and Eastern Europe, contributing to urban expansion.
Political Machines
Local party organizations that influenced local and state elections and governance.
Voting Behavior
Factors that influence how individuals vote, including family tradition, ethnic ties, and local issues.
Family Tradition in Voting
The tendency of individuals to vote similarly to their parents or family members.
Ethnic Ties and Voting
Certain ethnic groups may share voting preferences, e.g., Irish for Democrats, Germans split.
Prohibition Candidates
'Wet' candidates favored allowing alcohol; 'dry' candidates supported prohibition.
Civil Service Reform
Political initiative aimed at improving and professionalizing government service positions.
Rutherford B. Hayes' Contribution
First president to seriously address civil service reform, opposing the spoil system.
Stalwarts vs. Half Breeds
Stalwarts opposed civil service reform; Half Breeds advocated for it within the Republican Party.
Pendleton Civil Service Act
Legislation that established a merit-based system for government jobs, reducing the spoil system.
James A. Garfield's Presidency
Brief, 100-day administration focused on civil service reform; assassinated shortly after taking office.
Chester Arthur
Vice president under Garfield, later became president; known for supporting civil service reform.
Grover Cleveland
Elected in 1884; known for fighting political corruption and for being a reform-minded Democrat.
Mugwumps
Republicans who opposed Blaine and favored more extensive civil service reform.
Importance of New York in Elections
Winning New York was crucial for Republicans to secure presidency due to its electoral votes.
Cleveland's Illegitimate Child Scandal
Cleveland acknowledged his past moral failing regarding an illegitimate child during the 1884 election.
Economic Focus of Presidents Post-Pendleton Act
Presidential focus shifted towards economic issues after the Pendleton Civil Service Act.
