AP Bio Chap 6 Review

cell

the *simplest* collection of matter that can live *independently*

SEM (scanning electron microsope)

scan surface of objects (3d looking result)

TEM (transmission electron microscope)

transmits electron through object (detailed flat)

cell fractionation

take the cell apart and separate the organelles by weight

\

how is cell fractionation completed?

with an (ultra)centrifuge

how do the organelles settle out in cell fractionation

the heaviest organelles settle out first, lightest settle out last

ex of heavy organelles

nucleus, mitochondria

ex of light organelles

ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum

what do all cells have

chromosomes (genetic material), ribosomes (make proteins), cell membrane, cytoplasm (cytosol)

eukaryotes have a nucelus?

yes.

eukaryotes- internal membrane is for

compartmentalizing functions

euks- bound by

plasma membrane

euks- *fluid* inside the cell is

cytosol

euks- the *region* between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is

cytoplasm

prokaryotes have a nucleus?

no.

proks- are bound by

bound by a plasma membrane

limitations of cell size- restricted by __ requirements

restricted by metabolic requirements

limitat. of cell size- small cell will have a proportional __

proportional volume to surface area

if a cell grew too large, the __ will increase disproportionately to the __

the volume will increase against the surface area

what do cells have to increase surface area

villi

what is the plasma membrane made of

phospholipid bilayer

library of the cell because it contains most of the cells’ genes

nucleus

what encloses the nucleus

nuclear envelope

does the nucleus have a double membrane

yes.

the nucleus has pores that are

regulated by pore complexes

a net-like structure on the inside of the nucleus that provides mechanical support

nuclear lamina

what is the nuclear lamina made of

proteins

framework inside of the nucleus for additional structural support

nuclear matrix

nucleolus does what

synthesizes RNA

organelle that synthesizes proteins

ribosomes

found in cytosol.

proteins made here are usually used in the cytosol

free ribosomes

attached to the outside of the rough ER and nuclear envelope

proteins made here are incorporated into membranes and used for packaging and export

bound ribosomes

can free and bound ribosomes switch back and forth?

yes, based on cellular needs

smooth er, rough er, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles

endomembrane system

biosynthetic factory organelle

endoplasmic reticulum

the ER accounts for more than __ of the total membrane in Euks.

50%

ER has a network of tubules and sacks called

cisternae

internal compartments of the cisternae are called

lumen

does the smooth ER have ribosomes?

no

smooth ER is for the

*synthesis of lipids,* metabolism of carbs, and detoxification of drugs/poisons

does the rough ER have ribosomes?

yes

rough ER is for the

construction of proteins and glycoproteins (sugar proteins), which can be transported to the Golgi, and makes additional membranes for itself and other organelles

organelle that its for shipment and protein modification

golgi apparatus

golgi is composed of

stacks of cisternae

cis side of the golgi

(nearest the ER) transport vesicles fuse to this side and then incorporate goods

trans side of the golgi

vesicles pinch off and move around the cell

what happens during the transit of goods from the cis to the trans side?

modification of goods in the golgi

actual cisternae progress from cis to trans side (model)

cisternal maturation model

empty compartments for cellular digestion

lysosomes

lysosomes contain enzymes thats

digest macromolecules

membranes of the lysosome are

made by the rough ER, transferred to the golgi, and are then “budded” of the trans face of the golgi

lysosomes can digest the host cells’s organic waste or entire non-functioning organelles, called

autophagy (self-eat)

storage cell, there can be one or many

vacuoles

food vacuoles come from

phagocytosis

vacuoles can carry out

hydrolysis

what is hydrolysis

using water to split other things

these pump out excess water

contractile vacuoles

plants have a __ vacuole

large central vacuole/ sap vacuole

membrane thats surrounds the vacuole is

the tonoplast

convert energy from one form to another, are enclosed by the membrane but aren’t part of the endomembrane system, and contain DNA

both mitochondria and chloroplasts

mitochondria has 2 membranes

yes!

mitochondria membrane is made of

phospholipids

mitochondria membrane description

outer- smooth

inner- heavily folded

what are the folds of the mitochondria called

cristaewhat is h

the purpose of cristae

increases surface area, increases the amount of ATP made

the inside of the inner membrane

mitochondrial matrix

chloroplasts has 2 membranes

yess

inner membrane of chloroplasts are connected to sacks of

thykaloids

stacks of thykaloids are called

grana

the fluid surrounding the grana is

stroma

what does the stroma contain

DNA /Ribosomes

peroxisomes, contain

contain enzymes that break down molecules and produce hydrogen peroxide

what do peroxisomes make

h2o and o2

framework that organizes structures and activites

cytoskeleton

cytoskeleton helps with

mechanical support, motility, regulation of biochemical activities

there are 3 types of cytoskeleton;

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

microtubules are not in proks.

yess!

hollow tubes, but thick. made of tubulin

microtubules

microtubules are from the centrosome, what is a centrosome

a region

where are centrioles

in the centrosome

what do centriols do

cell replication

9+2 arrangement-

9 double microtubules in a ring, and 2 single microtubules in the center

what causes the movement of the 9+2 arrangement when ATP is inputted

motor proteins

microfilaments are made of what

actin

microfilaments are made to bear tension

main component of muscle, and are interwoven with another protein, myosin, (motor protein)

intermediate filaments

tension bearers, reinforces the cells’ shape

protects, gives shape, and keeps the cell “water tight”

cell wall

cell wall is made of

cellulose matrix (with proteins)

sticky substance that holds the cells together

lamella of a cell wall

immediate outside of cell

extracellular matrix

whats is the xtracellular matrix made of

glycoproteins

glycoproteins ex

collagen- strong fibers

fibronectin- bind to the surface receptors called integrins

intercellular junctions

communication of neighboring cells

intercellular junctions in plants

plasmodesmata pores that cytosol can pass through

intercellular junctions in animals

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

prevents leaking from between the cells

tight junctions

rivets that hold the cells together

desmosomes

cytoplasmic channels for communication between cells

gap junctions