european history

The Franks

Germanic tribe that resides in present-day France

The Franks' Warfare

-troops of knights
-heavily armed & on horses
-rulers paid knights in privileges & land

Clovis: King of the Franks

-Rules in 481 at 15
-Brought Christianity to the Franks by marrying a Christian

Charles Martel

-Next King
-Won 2 Battles at Tours
-Rewarded with a lot of land
-Pushed Moors back across Pyrenees Mts.

Charles Martel's Idea

-pay soldiers for their service in land
-land was taken from church
-leads to feudalism

Feudal Social Pyramid

-King
-Lords
-Knights
-Peasants
-Serfs

King

-Owner of all the land
-All-powerful

Lords

-Gave land to knights
-Wealthy landowners

Knights

-Soldiers
-Loyalty in exchange for land

Peasants

Unprotected civilians

Serfs

-Bound to king's land
-Protected

Fief

land itself

Vassal

person who rents land in exchange for service & loyalty

Pepin the Short (Pepin III)

-Son of Charles Martel
-Helps Church defeat Lombards
-Donates land to Church (Papal States)
-Divine Right

Divine Right

Belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from god.

Charlemagne

-Nicknamed Charles the Great & King Father of Europe
-Wants to be known as a Roman emperor, not Frankish king
-Pope crowns him as Holy Roman Emperor on December 25, 800
-Rules from 768 to 814
-Dies in 814

Charlemagne and the Church

-builds Empire with help from Pope Leo III
-sends message "god is on my side"
-provides church with an army

Carolingian Renaissance

-Time of increase in arts & literature

Roles of the Church

-Food distribution
-Copied texts

Economic Power of the Church

-Owned the most land in Europe
-Collected 1/10 (tithe) of income

Political Power of the Church

-Unified Language (Latin)
-literate
-controlled what people knew about the world

Grandsons of Charlemagne

-Charles the Bald: Western Europe
-Lothar: Middle Europe (Germany to Italy)
-Louis the German: Eastern Europe

Problems within the Grandsons of Charlemagne

-Unhappiness within people
-No unified empire
-weaker armies

Treaty of Verdun

-Ends civil war
-Divides Charlemagne's kingdom between his grandsons

Crusade

-holy war
-9 in total over 176 years

Holy Lands

-Jerusalem
-Cyprus
-Antioch
-Syria

Jerusalem

-site of Christian pilgrimages
-site of the Muslim Dome of the Rock (Muhammad's night journey)

4 Causes of the Crusades

-Christian crusaders & Muslims
-Christians persecuted by Seljuk Turks
-Religious principle (they should control the land)
-Restless warriors looking to fight

People's Crusade

-Led by Peter the Hermit
-Crusaders were untrained & had no food/supplies
-Failed (slaughtered by Seljuk Turks)

Seljuk Turks

-From Persia
-Islam (Muslim)
-Destroyed Church of Holy Sepulcher

Moors

Muslims of Spain

Emperor Alexius I

-Worried about Seljuk Turk threat
-Asked Pope Urban II to send mercenaries to defend Constantinople
-Pope Urban II agreed b/c he wanted to reunite East & West Churches

First Crusade

-Called by Pope Urban II
-Led by a 50,000-man army
-Goal of capturing Holy Lands
-Killed Muslims, Jews, Orthodox Christians (non-Christians)
-Successful (Christian kingdoms established in Holy Lands)

Second Crusade

-Called by Pope Eugene III
-Goal of reconquering the Holy Lands from the Muslims
-Fails

Third Crusade

-Called by Pope Gregory VIII
-Caused by Jerusalem falling to Saladin
-Christians led by Richard I
-Muslims led by Saladin
-Ends with a peace treaty

Peace Treaty of the Third Crusade

-Muslims can keep Jerusalem but allow Christian pilgrimages
-Christians can keep Cyprus & Syrian coast/coastal cities

Fourth Crusade

-Called by Pope Innocent III
-Led by Venetians
-Goal of naming new Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople
-Fails (didn't overthrow Byzantine gov.)

Effects of Crusades on Europe

-Expansion of secular (king) powers
-Made division between East & West permanent

Effects of Crusades on Islamic World

-Caused intolerance of the West
-Saladin becomes Muslim hero
-1 to 3 million killed by Crusades

Effects of Crusades on Jewish Community

-Created legacy of ill will between Christian & Jewish communities
-Forced conversions
-anti-semitic comments

genocide

mass murder of an entire group of people (religion, race, ethnicity, gender)

pilgrimage

a journey to a holy site

Pope Urban II (Call to Crusade)

-Opportunity to reunite Catholics of East & West
-Gain power

Alexius I (Call to Crusade)

-Drive Muslims out of Holy Land
-Reclaim land

Noble/Lord (Call to Crusade)

-Gain land & status
-Give knights a purpose

Warriors (Call to Crusade)

-Gain land & status
-Prove their ability
-Defend their lord

Merchants & Artisans (Call to Crusade)

-Sell more goods/tools for more profit

Peasants (Call to Crusade)

-Knights would be away
-Promised salvation

Christians (Call to Crusade)

-"God's" Work
-Promised salvation

Peter the Hermit (Call to Crusade)

-Spread Christianity
-Save Christians in danger