european history

The Franks

The Franks

Germanic tribe that resides in present-day France

The Franks' Warfare

-troops of knights -heavily armed & on horses -rulers paid knights in privileges & land

Clovis: King of the Franks

-Rules in 481 at 15 -Brought Christianity to the Franks by marrying a Christian

Charles Martel

-Next King -Won 2 Battles at Tours -Rewarded with a lot of land -Pushed Moors back across Pyrenees Mts.

Charles Martel's Idea

-pay soldiers for their service in land -land was taken from church -leads to feudalism

Feudal Social Pyramid

-King -Lords -Knights -Peasants -Serfs

King

-Owner of all the land -All-powerful

Lords

-Gave land to knights -Wealthy landowners

Knights

-Soldiers -Loyalty in exchange for land

Peasants

Unprotected civilians

Serfs

-Bound to king's land -Protected

Fief

land itself

Vassal

person who rents land in exchange for service & loyalty

Pepin the Short (Pepin III)

-Son of Charles Martel -Helps Church defeat Lombards -Donates land to Church (Papal States) -Divine Right

Divine Right

Belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from god.

Charlemagne

-Nicknamed Charles the Great & King Father of Europe -Wants to be known as a Roman emperor, not Frankish king -Pope crowns him as Holy Roman Emperor on December 25, 800 -Rules from 768 to 814 -Dies in 814

Charlemagne and the Church

-builds Empire with help from Pope Leo III -sends message "god is on my side" -provides church with an army

Carolingian Renaissance

-Time of increase in arts & literature

Roles of the Church

-Food distribution -Copied texts

Economic Power of the Church

-Owned the most land in Europe -Collected 1/10 (tithe) of income

Political Power of the Church

-Unified Language (Latin) -literate -controlled what people knew about the world

Grandsons of Charlemagne

-Charles the Bald: Western Europe -Lothar: Middle Europe (Germany to Italy) -Louis the German: Eastern Europe

Problems within the Grandsons of Charlemagne

-Unhappiness within people -No unified empire -weaker armies

Treaty of Verdun

-Ends civil war -Divides Charlemagne's kingdom between his grandsons

Crusade

-holy war -9 in total over 176 years

Holy Lands

-Jerusalem -Cyprus -Antioch -Syria

Jerusalem

-site of Christian pilgrimages -site of the Muslim Dome of the Rock (Muhammad's night journey)

4 Causes of the Crusades

-Christian crusaders & Muslims -Christians persecuted by Seljuk Turks -Religious principle (they should control the land) -Restless warriors looking to fight

People's Crusade

-Led by Peter the Hermit -Crusaders were untrained & had no food/supplies -Failed (slaughtered by Seljuk Turks)

Seljuk Turks

-From Persia -Islam (Muslim) -Destroyed Church of Holy Sepulcher

Moors

Muslims of Spain

Emperor Alexius I

-Worried about Seljuk Turk threat -Asked Pope Urban II to send mercenaries to defend Constantinople -Pope Urban II agreed b/c he wanted to reunite East & West Churches

First Crusade

-Called by Pope Urban II -Led by a 50,000-man army -Goal of capturing Holy Lands -Killed Muslims, Jews, Orthodox Christians (non-Christians) -Successful (Christian kingdoms established in Holy Lands)

Second Crusade

-Called by Pope Eugene III -Goal of reconquering the Holy Lands from the Muslims -Fails

Third Crusade

-Called by Pope Gregory VIII -Caused by Jerusalem falling to Saladin -Christians led by Richard I -Muslims led by Saladin -Ends with a peace treaty

Peace Treaty of the Third Crusade

-Muslims can keep Jerusalem but allow Christian pilgrimages -Christians can keep Cyprus & Syrian coast/coastal cities

Fourth Crusade

-Called by Pope Innocent III -Led by Venetians -Goal of naming new Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople -Fails (didn't overthrow Byzantine gov.)

Effects of Crusades on Europe

-Expansion of secular (king) powers -Made division between East & West permanent

Effects of Crusades on Islamic World

-Caused intolerance of the West -Saladin becomes Muslim hero -1 to 3 million killed by Crusades

Effects of Crusades on Jewish Community

-Created legacy of ill will between Christian & Jewish communities -Forced conversions -anti-semitic comments

genocide

mass murder of an entire group of people (religion, race, ethnicity, gender)

pilgrimage

a journey to a holy site

Pope Urban II (Call to Crusade)

-Opportunity to reunite Catholics of East & West -Gain power

Alexius I (Call to Crusade)

-Drive Muslims out of Holy Land -Reclaim land

Noble/Lord (Call to Crusade)

-Gain land & status -Give knights a purpose

Warriors (Call to Crusade)

-Gain land & status -Prove their ability -Defend their lord

Merchants & Artisans (Call to Crusade)

-Sell more goods/tools for more profit

Peasants (Call to Crusade)

-Knights would be away -Promised salvation

Christians (Call to Crusade)

-"God's" Work -Promised salvation

Peter the Hermit (Call to Crusade)

-Spread Christianity -Save Christians in danger