MICROPARA (10): Microbial Ecology and Microbial Biotechnology

the systematic study of the

interrelationships that exist between

organisms and their environment.

ecology

the study of the

numerous interrelationships between

microorganisms and the world around

them.

microbial ecology

Microorganisms are

present both on and in

our bodies;

collectively, they are

refered to as our?

indigenous microbiota

(other term= normal

flora)

Defined as two dissimilar

organisms living together

in a close association.

symbiosis

is used to describe a symbiotic relationship in which neither symbiont is affected by the relationship

neutralism (0/0)

symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont and of no consequence (i.e., is neither beneficial nor harmful) to the other.

One species benefits, while the other is unaffected.

commensalism (+/0)

a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both symbionts - mutually beneficial/ both species benefit

mutualism (+/+)

a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont (the parasite) and detrimental to the other symbiont (the host)

One species benefits at the expense of the other.

parasitism (+/-)

One species is harmed while the other is unaffected.

amensalism

take up temporary residence on and within humans

transient microflora

Anaerobic Gram-negative cocci that are often regarded as contaminants; they are often associated with oral infections; bite wounds; head, neck, and various soft tissue infections; and they have also been implicated as pathogens in infections of the sinuses, lungs, heart, bone, and CNS

veillonella spp.

anaerobic gram-positive cocci that predominate in all types of respiratory infection (including chronic sinusitis, mastoiditis, acute and chronic otitis media, aspiration pneumonia, and lung abscess) and necrotizing, subcutaneous, and soft tissue infection

peptococci

these have been reported to be the two main isolates from patients suffering from crohn's disease, while the latter has been associated with intra-abdominal abscesses, appendicitis, and inflammatory bowel disease.

bacteroides spp.

bacteroides vulgatus

bacteroides fragilis

a type of

inflammatory bowel disease

(IBD) that causes your

digestive tract to become

swollen and irritated. It

occurs when your body's

immune system mistakenly

attacks and destroys

healthy body tissue

(autoimmune disorder).

Crohn's disease

a fungal infection caused by a yeast (a type of fungus). they normally lives on skin and inside the body, such as the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina w/o causing problems

candidiasis

a genus of gram-positive, spore-

forming bacteria belonging to the family Clostridiaceae.

clostridium ( clostridium tetani)

infects the nasopharynx or skin.

Toxigenic strains secrete a potent exotoxin which may cause ________

corynebacterium diphtheriae

diphtheria

symptoms of this infection include pharyngitis, fever, swelling of the neck or area surrounding the skin lesion.

diphtheria

diphtheritic lesions are covered by a ?

pseudomembrane

a type of Enterobacteriaceae that is a gram-negative, non-lactose fermenting rod that is often part of normal human flora. it causes infections almost exclusively in neonates and infants -- primarily meningitis-- and in immune-compromised hosts. in the adult patient, the urinary tract is one of the most common sites of infection by ???????

citrobacter koseri or C. koseri

while normally a gut

commensal, is a frequent

cause of many serious

human infections,

including urinary tract

infections, endocarditis,

bacteremia, and wound

infections.

Enterococcus faecalis E. faecalis

Lemierre's syndrome is typically caused by what bacteria?

Fusobacterium necrophorum

epiglottitis is usually caused by?

haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacteria.

can also cause other serious infections such as pneumonia meningitis, and blood infections

are members of the family Lactobacillaceae

Lactobacillus spp.

They are

psychrophilic, non-

spore forming, rod

shaped, non-motile,

Gram positive and

facultative anaerobic.

lactobacillus spp.

a bacterial infection that affects the skin on your feet. The condition causes a

foul odor and itchiness.

pitted keratolysis

family of micrococcus spp.

any illness

caused by bacteria

called Neisseria

meningitidis. These

illnesses are often

severe, can be deadly,

and include infections of

the lining of the brain and

spinal cord (meningitis) and bloodstream

Meningococcal disease

cause of Meningococcal diseases

Neisseria meningitidis

also called gum disease, is

a serious gum infection that

damages the soft tissue around

teeth.

Periodontitis

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin

Syndrome, also known as _______________ is a disease characterized by the denudation of the skin caused by exotoxin producing strains of the

Staphylococcus species, typically from a distant site.

Ritter disease

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin

Syndrome, also known as Ritter

disease is caused by what family of bacteria?

staphylococcus aureus

commonly known as sore throat — is

an inflammation of the pharynx, resulting in a sore throat is caused by?

pharyngitis ; streptococcus pyogenes

Number and variety of

microorganisms depend on:

1. amount of moisture present

2. pH

3. temperature

4. salinity

5. presence of chemical wastes and other microbes

these harbor virulent pathogens in their nasal passages or throats, but do not have the disease usually caused by these pathogens

carriers

most common microflora of the skin

Staphylococcus spp.

the most common organisms within the Indigenous microflora of the mouth are various species of

alpha-hemolytic streptococci

this contains the largest number and variety of microorganisms of any colonized area of the body

large intestine/ colon

500~600 different species

microbes versus microbes

microbial antagonism

Escherichia coli

bacteria and yeasts used to stabilize the microbial balance are called?

biotherapeutic agents or probiotics

microorganisms are often organized into __________ - complex communities of assorted organisms. they are everywhere and an example is a dental plaque

biofilms

the bacteria that grow in tiny clusters in biofilms are called?

microcolonies

when 2 or more organisms team up to produce a disease that neither could cause by itself

synergistic infections

uses of microorganisms in agriculture

in root nodules where nitrogen fixing bacteria lives