Vaccines

Herd Immunity

93% of population vaccinated = magic number

Not calculated at national level

Population Mixing

If subpopulation is secluded, need a separate level of vaccination rate for them

Limits on Vaccines

Age

Religion

Immune System - Antigens

Bacteria

Viruses

Fungi

Parasites

Immune System - Natural Immunity

Born with or developed over time from disease exposure

Non-specific

Immune System - Acquired Immunity

Get after birth through breast milk or specific reaction to antigen

Adaptive/Active Acquired Immunity

Vaccines

Have to be exposed to antigen in small amount

Passive Acquired Immunity

Get from mother/breast milk

Vaccine Discovery/Development - Smallpox

First vaccine

Types of Vaccine Technology - Inactivated

Kills actual antigen

Ex. Hep A, rabies, polio

Types of Vaccine Technology - Live/Attenuated

Small, weakened amount given

Ex. smallpox, measles

Types of Vaccine Technology - Toxoid

Germ not there

Uses byproduct made by germ

Ex. tetanus

Types of Vaccine Technology - Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, and Conjugate

Tiny piece of disease

Good for weak immune systems

Ex. HPV, shingles

Types of Vaccine Technology - mRNA

COVID-19

Vaccines gives body instructions to build response to virus

mRNA

Single helix, provides instructions for buidling proteins

Types of Vaccine Technology - Viral Vector

Virus is transport to give info about a different antigen

Risks, Side-effects, and Contraindications - Most Frequent

Discomfort and flu-like symptoms

Risks, Side-effects, and Contraindications - 2nd most Frequent

Allergic reactions

Risks, Side-effects, and Contraindications - Seizures

MMR Vaccine given in infancy

Vaccine Myths - Autism

Wakefield study

Vaccine Myths - Unnatural

The dose makes the poison

Vaccine Myths - Overwhelm Immune System

Not for average person

Vaccine Myths - Natural Immunization

Better to get disease and recover

Public Perception/Laws - Non-specific

Personal Freedoms

Public Perception/Laws - Specific

HPV Vaccine

Individual Immunity

I do this for myself to keep me healthy

Solutions

Health campaigns

Encourage, not mandate

Funding