Hole's Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 4

Aer-

Air

Aerobic

Respiratory process that requires oxygen

An-

Without

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiratory process that doesn't require oxygen

Ana-

Up

Anabolism

Cellular processes in which smaller molecules are built up into larger ones

Cata-

Down

Catabolism

Cellular processes that break down larger molecules into smaller ones

Co-

With

Coenzyme

Substance that unites with a protein to complete the structure of an active enzyme molecule

De-

Undoing

Deamination

Process that removes nitrogen-containing portions of amino acid molecules

Mut-

Change

Mutation

Change in genetic information

-strat

Spread out

Sub-

Under

Substrate

Substance upon which an enzyme acts

-zym

Causing to ferment

Enzyme

Protein that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being consumed

Cellular Metabolism

The sum total of chemical reactions in the cell

Intermediary Metabolism

Processes that obtain, release, and use energy

Primary metabolites

Products of metabolism essential to survival

Secondary Metabolites

Are not essential to survival, but may provide an advantage/enhancement

Dehydration Synthesis

When smaller molecules combine to form larger ones; form of anabolism

Dehydration Synthesis

Stores energy in the bonds of the larger glycogen molecules

Anabolism

Provides all the materials a cell needs for maintenance, growth, and repair

Dehydration Synthesis

Molecules join and lose water molecule(s)

Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide ---> Disaccharide + H2O

Dehydration Synthesis of Monosaccharides into Glycogen

Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids ---> Triglyceride + 3 H2O

Dehydration Synthesis of Glycerol and Fatty Acid in fat cells AKA Adipose Tissue

Amino Acid + Amino Acid ---> Dipeptide + H2O

Building of Protein molecules with Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Monosaccharide

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Glycerol and Fatty Acid

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Amino Acid

Peptide Bond

Holds Amino Acids together

Dipeptide

Two amino acids bonded together

Polypeptide

More than two amino acids bonded together

Protein

Polypeptide consisting of 100 or more amino acids

Hydrolysis

The break down of larger molecules into smaller ones; form of catabolism

Hydrolysis

The reversal of Hydration Synthesis

Activation Energy

The energy required for metabolic reactions

Active Site

Part of an enzyme that temporarily bonds with a substrate

Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction

Metabolic Pathways

Sequences of enzyme-controlled reactions that lead to synthesis or breakdown of biochemicals

Lipase

Lipid splitting enzyme

Protease

Protein splitting enzyme

Amylase

Starch (amylum) splitting enzyme

Sucrase

Sucrose splitting enzyme

Maltase

Maltose (sugar) splitting enzyme

Lactase

Lactose (sugar) splitting enzyme

Rate limiting enzyme

Enzyme present in small amounts, that controls the rate of a metabolic pathway by regulating one of its steps

Cofactor

Non-Protein component that helps active site attain the appropriate shape

Cofactor

Non-Protein component that helps bind the enzyme to its substrate

Cofactor

May be an ion of an element (copper, zinc, iron) or a coenzyme

Coenzyme

Organic molecule composed of vitamin molecules or incorporate alternate forms of vitamin molecules

Vitamins

Essential organic molecules that human cells can't synthesize in sufficient amounts if at all

Energy

The capacity to change something; the ability to do work

Common forms of Energy

Heat

Light

Sound

Electrical

Mechanical

Chemical

Energy

Can't be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another

Cellular Respiration

The process that transfers energy from molecules and makes it available for cellular use

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A molecule that carries energy in a form the cell can use

ATP

Consists of:

Adenine (1)

Ribose (1)

Phosphate (3)

ATP

Skeletal Muscle Contractions

Active Transport

Secretion

ATP powers cellular work such as __________

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

ATP molecule that loses its end/terminal phosphate

Phosphorylation

The process of ADP resynthesizing into ATP using energy released from cellular respiration

Oxidation

The process of oxygen combining with another chemical

Oxidation

Removal of hydrogen or loss of electrons

Oxidation

The opposite of reduction

The three steps of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

The products of these include:

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Water

Energy

Glycolysis

The breaking of glucose

Glycolysis

Breaks glucose (a 6-carbon molecule) into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules

Glycolysis

Anaerobic phase of cellular respiration

Lactic Acid

Organic compound formed from pyruvic acid during the anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Intermediate compound produced from the oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Genetic code

The correspondence between a unit of DNA information and a particular amino acid

Chromosomes

Long molecules of DNA and associated proteins

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Genetic material

Gene

DNA sequence that contains the info for making a particular protein

Four Groups of Organic Molecules

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic Acid

Genome

The complete set of genetic instructions in a cell. Includes the genes and other sequences.

Gene Expression

Genomes that control which proteins are produced in a particular cell under particular circumstances

Nucleotide

The building block of nucleic acid

Nucleotide

Consists of a 5-Carbon Sugar (ribose or dextrose), a phosphate group, and any of several nitrogenous bases

Antiparallel

The sugars forming the two backbones of a DNA molecule

DNA Base

Can be any one of:

Adenine (A)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

Purines

A (adenine) and G (guanine) and they consist of two organic ring structures

Pyrimidines

T (thymine) and C (cytosine) and they have a single organic ring structure

Adenine binds to what?

Thymine

Guanine binds to what?

Cytocine

Purines always bind to ________

Pyrimidines

Complementary Base Pairs

A to T and G to C

Histones

Proteins that DNA is wound around

DNA Polymerase

Catalyzes the base pairing during DNA replication, hydrogen bond

RNA

Ribonuleic Acid, single stranded

Four Nitrogenous bases for RNA

Adenine

Cytosine

Guanine

Uracil (U)

Transcription

The process of copying DNA info into an RNA sequence

Messenger RNA

(mRNA)

RNA that carries info for a protein's amino acid sequence from the nucleus of a cell to the cytoplasm

RNA Polymerase

Recognizes the correct DNA strand and the right direction for RNA synthesis

Condons

A series of 3 bases in mRNA that aid 3 DNA bases in specifying each amino acid in a protein