Final Exam (Additional Content) - Chordates & General Knowledge

What are four things that all chordates have at some point in their lives

• notochord

• hollow dorsal nerve cord

• pharyngeal gill slits or pouches

• postanal tail

What happens to the notochord in animals with backbones.

• formed early in embryonic development, as the embryo grows, the notochord is replaced by the vertebrae (backbone). (vertebrae forms around notochord)

• By birth, the notochord is mostly gone, except for a bit left in the intervertebral discs (called the nucleus pulposus).

describe the notochord

• flexible supporting rod that runs dorsal length

• assists in support, shape and mobility (stiffens body)

• is the backbone in vertebrae

describe the hollow dorsal nerve cord

• runs independently above the notochord

• front end develops into a brain

• helps form our central nervous system

describe the pharyngeal gill slits or pouches

• throat region of body

• aid in respiration

• aquatic: gills

• terrestrials: lungs

describe the postanal tail

• extension of body running past anal opening

• in some, only present in embryonic stages

body cavity status and symmetry

coelomates, bilateral

common characteristis in complex animals

• big brain (cephalized)

• bilateral symmetry

• all 3 germ layers

• coelomates

describe nervous system

• advanced central nervous syetm

• large brain

• skull

Has unequivocal…

head, eyes and sensory organs

What complex systems do chordates have

heart and circulatory

where are chordates found

land, air, water

examples in class Amphibia

amphibians (frogs, toads, salamanders)

examples in class Sauropsida

reptiles

examples in class Aves

birds

examples in class Mammalia

mammals

examples in class Chondrichthyes

cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays) (skeleton of cartilage, no swim bladder, no operculum, teeth continuously replaced)

examples in class Osteichthyes

all bony fishes (operculum, teeth fixed to jaw bone, skeleton of bone, swim bladder) (e.g. trout, saslmon, goldfish)

describe class amphibia (4)

• gills & primitive lungs

• half life in water/on land

• take in gasses through moist skin

• lays eggs in water after sexual reproduction which develop into tadpoles

How did class Aves adapt for flight (5)

• feathers

• 4 chambered heart

• hollow bones for strength w/o weight

• large sternum for wings to attach and put pressure

• lungs & air sacs used to improve gas exchange at thin altitudes

Describe endotherms (4)

• warm blooded

• body temperature remains constant regardless of external temperature

• regulates metabolic rate

• independent from environment

Describe ectotherms (3)

• cold blooded

• body temps varies with environment

• cannot regulate metabolic rate well

characteristics of mammels (11)

• endotherms

• air breathing

• 4 legged vertebrates

• possess skin with hair and sweat glands

• have teeth with a jawbone

• fleshy lips

• diaphragm

• 4 chambered heart

• brain & spinal chords

• bear live young

• mammary glands

ecological roles of chordates (7)

• all are part of food chain

• amphibians contribute to wetland ecology by preying on insects and eats algae and dead plants

• reptiles are predators of pests

• birds control insect and vermin populations

• birds act as pollinators

• mammals aerate soil

• mammels are sensitive to environmental changes

scientific name of cat

Felis catus

Felis catus:

• endotherm or ectotherm

• nervous system

• feeding

• respiration

• internal transport systems

• excretion

• movement

• reproduction

• development

• 2 special adaptations

• Endotherm or ectotherm: Endotherm

• Nervous system: Highly developed, complex brain and sensory organs

• Feeding: Carnivorous predator; eats meat

• Respiration: Lungs with diaphragm for breathing

• Internal transport systems: Closed circulatory system with heart and blood vessels

• Excretion: Kidneys filter waste; excreted as urine; also expels feces

• Movement: Four-legged locomotion; agile and flexible muscles

• Reproduction: Sexual; internal fertilization; dioecious (separate sexes)

• Development: Viviparous; young develop inside mother; born relatively undeveloped, grow quickly

• Two special adaptations: Retractable claws for hunting and climbing; excellent night vision for low-light hunting

For Porifera:

• Feeding

• Respiration

• Internal transport 

• Excretion 

• Movement

• Examples

• Common name

• Coelom

• Germ layers

• Symmetry 

• Nervous system 

• Reproductive system 

• Feeding: Filter feeders using choanocytes

• Respiration: Diffusion through pores

• Internal transport: Water flow system; no circulatory system

• Excretion: Diffusion

• Movement: Sessile (mostly immobile)

• Examples: Bath sponge, glass sponge

• Common name: Sponges

• Coelom: None (acoelomate)

• Germ layers: zero

• Symmetry: Asymmetrical or radial

• Nervous system: None

• Reproductive system: Sexual (hermaphroditic) and asexual (budding)

For Cnidaria:

• Feeding

• Respiration

• Internal transport 

• Excretion 

• Movement

• Examples

• Common name

• Coelom

• Germ layers

• Symmetry 

• Nervous system 

• Reproductive system 

• Feeding: Carnivorous; stinging cells (nematocysts)

• Respiration: Diffusion across body surface

• Internal transport: Diffusion

• Excretion: Diffusion

• Movement: Pulsating bell or sessile (polyps)

• Examples: Jellyfish, sea anemones, corals

• Common name: Jellyfish and relatives

• Coelom: None (acoelomate)

• Germ layers: Two (diploblastic)

• Symmetry: Radial

• Nervous system: Nerve net

• Reproductive system: Sexual and asexual; some hermaphroditic

For Platyhelmenthes:

• Feeding

• Respiration

• Internal transport 

• Excretion 

• Movement

• Examples

• Common name

• Coelom

• Germ layers

• Symmetry 

• Nervous system 

• Reproductive system 

• Feeding: Parasites or scavengers; mouth only

• Respiration: Diffusion

• Internal transport: Diffusion

• Excretion: Flame cells (protonephridia)

• Movement: Cilia and muscle contractions

• Examples: Planarians, tapeworms

• Common name: Flatworms

• Coelom: None (acoelomate)

• Germ layers: Three (triploblastic)

• Symmetry: Bilateral

• Nervous system: Simple brain and paired nerve cords

• Reproductive system: Sexual and asexual; many hermaphroditic

For Nematoda:

• Feeding

• Respiration

• Internal transport 

• Excretion 

• Movement

• Examples

• Common name

• Coelom

• Germ layers

• Symmetry 

• Nervous system 

• Reproductive system 

• Feeding: Parasites or decomposers

• Respiration: Diffusion

• Internal transport: None (no circulatory system)

• Excretion: Renette cells or excretory canals

• Movement: Longitudinal muscles; whip-like motion

• Examples: Ascaris, hookworms

• Common name: Roundworms

• Coelom: Pseudocoelomate

• Germ layers: Triploblastic

• Symmetry: Bilateral

• Nervous system: Simple nerve ring and cords

• Reproductive system: Sexual; usually separate sexes (dioecious)

For Mollusks:

• Feeding

• Respiration

• Internal transport 

• Excretion 

• Movement

• Examples

• Common name

• Coelom

• Germ layers

• Symmetry 

• Nervous system 

• Reproductive system 

• Feeding: Radula (scraping), filter feeding, or predation

• Respiration: Gills or lungs

• Internal transport: Mostly open circulatory (closed in cephalopods)

• Excretion: Nephridia

• Movement: Muscular foot or tentacles

• Examples: Snails, clams, squids

• Common name: Mollusks

• Coelom: Coelomate

• Germ layers: Triploblastic

• Symmetry: Bilateral (some secondarily asymmetrical)

• Nervous system: Varies; advanced in cephalopods

• Reproductive system: Mostly sexual; dioecious or hermaphroditic

For Annelids:

• Feeding

• Respiration

• Internal transport 

• Excretion 

• Movement

• Examples

• Common name

• Coelom

• Germ layers

• Symmetry 

• Nervous system 

• Reproductive system 

• Feeding: Detritivores, predators, filter feeders

• Respiration: Diffusion through skin or gills

• Internal transport: Closed circulatory system

• Excretion: Nephridia

• Movement: Segmented muscles with setae

• Examples: Earthworms, leeches

• Common name: Segmented worms

• Coelom: Coelomate

• Germ layers: Triploblastic

• Symmetry: Bilateral

• Nervous system: Brain and ventral nerve cord

• Reproductive system: Sexual; hermaphroditic or separate sexes

For Arthropods:

• Feeding

• Respiration

• Internal transport 

• Excretion 

• Movement

• Examples

• Common name

• Coelom

• Germ layers

• Symmetry 

• Nervous system 

• Reproductive system 

• Feeding: Diverse; herbivores, carnivores, parasites

• Respiration: Gills, tracheae, or book lungs

• Internal transport: Open circulatory system

• Excretion: Malpighian tubules or green glands

• Movement: Jointed appendages

• Examples: Insects, spiders, crabs

• Common name: Arthropods

• Coelom: Coelomate

• Germ layers: Triploblastic

• Symmetry: Bilateral

• Nervous system: Brain and ventral nerve cord

• Reproductive system: Sexual; mostly dioecious

For Echinoderms:

• Feeding

• Respiration

• Internal transport 

• Excretion 

• Movement

• Examples

• Common name

• Coelom

• Germ layers

• Symmetry 

• Nervous system 

• Reproductive system 

• Feeding: Filter feeding, scavengers, predators

• Respiration: Tube feet and skin gills

• Internal transport: Water vascular system

• Excretion: Diffusion

• Movement: Tube feet with hydraulic pressure

• Examples: Starfish, sea urchins

• Common name: Echinoderms

• Coelom: Coelomate

• Germ layers: Triploblastic

• Symmetry: Radial (adult), bilateral (larvae)

• Nervous system: Nerve ring and radial nerves; no brain

• Reproductive system: Sexual; separate sexes

For Chordata:

• Feeding

• Respiration

• Internal transport 

• Excretion 

• Movement

• Examples

• Common name

• Coelom

• Germ layers

• Symmetry 

• Nervous system 

• Reproductive system 

• Feeding: Varied (filter feeders, herbivores, carnivores)

• Respiration: Gills or lungs

• Internal transport: Closed circulatory system with heart

• Excretion: Kidneys or nephridia

• Movement: Muscles attached to endoskeleton or notochord

• Examples: Fish, birds, mammals

• Common name: Chordates

• Coelom: Coelomate

• Germ layers: Triploblastic

• Symmetry: Bilateral

• Nervous system: Brain and dorsal nerve cord

• Reproductive system: Sexual; dioecious or hermaphroditic

All 11 systems in humans

• cardiovascular

• nervous

• digestive

• respiratory

• skeletal

• muscular

• urinary

• reproductive

• integumentary (skin)

• endocrine

• lumphatic/immune