World History Final Exam

Hammurabi's Code

A set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life and was meant to establish punishments for crime

Abrahmic religions

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s. Also led to a phenomenon known as urbanization.

Pope Urban

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades. He promised them forgiveness of their sins for fighting.

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

Black Death

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

selling of indulgences

Practice of popes using their authority to limit the time a person's soul spent in purgatory, in exchange for cash

Third Estate

97% of the population (the rest of France) They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san-culottes and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges

John Calvin

Religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Age of Absolutism

Time period where kings and queens ruled domains with total control over their people.

Absolute Monarchy

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

The Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. It relies heavily on colonies as well.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

The Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

White man's burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Polytheism

Belief in many gods

Mandate of Heaven

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

Island Hopping

Strategy of the United States in World War II of capturing some Japanese-held islands and going around others

Nuremberg Trials

A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.

Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Pizzaro

Conquered the Incas

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Divine Right to Rule

term to describe monarch's belief that their authority to rule came directly from God

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 CE undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Fascism

A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.

Holocaust

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. He influenced Thomas Jefferson.

Atomic Bomb

Bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities

Protestant Reformation

16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther due to him not approving the selling of indulgences.

First Estate

The first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church.

Second Estate

The second class of French society made up of the noblility

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Native American Slavery

This group of people were difficult to enslave because of their inability to resist European disease and they were very likely to band together to fight back.

Samurai

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

Sepukku

Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor.

Natural Law

Rules of conduct discoverable by reason

Africans

Slaves that were considered superior to other ethnic groups because they were strangers in the Americas, so they wouldn't have allies or places to hide.

Cultural diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another. The Mongols were one big example of this as they collected things from different cultures that they conquered.

Russia

Don't invade what in the Winter?

Age of Exploration

Began because countries wanted to search for new trade routes to Asia

Famine

a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death

Genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Oladuah Equiano

Wrote a auto-biography about the horrors of slavery including how bad the trip over the ocean was; helped influence British lawmakers to abolish Slave trade through the Slave Trade Act of 1807

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another

Mongols

People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history. They contributed to cultural diffusion by conquering culture after culture and spreading the skills and ideas from their culture within their empire.