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Rationalism
A secular, critical way of thinking where nothing is accepted on faith and everything is submitted to reason.
Scientific Method
A systematic way of discovering the laws of human society and nature.
Progress
The idea that it is possible to create better societies and people.
Pierre Bayle
A French Huguenot refugee known for his skeptical views and his work 'Historical and Critical Dictionary'.
Tabula Rasa
In John Locke's philosophy, this means that a person's mind at birth is a blank slate, influenced by experiences.
Natural rights
Rights that include life, liberty, and property according to John Locke.
Consent of the Governed
The idea that a valid government is based on the agreement of the people it governs.
Voltaire's perspective on religion
He rejected Catholicism in favor of Deism, believing in a God who is uninvolved in daily life.
Encyclopedia editors
Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert were the editors.
Main goal of the Encyclopedia
To teach people how to think critically and to promote knowledge for greater human happiness.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
He advocated for direct democracy and believed that true sovereignty belongs to the people.
Scottish Enlightenment characteristics
An emphasis on common sense and scientific reasoning.
Adam Smith's advocacy
In 'Wealth of Nations,' he advocated for a laissez-faire approach to commerce and minimal government interference.
Immanuel Kant's famous question
'What is Enlightenment?' and he answered it with 'Dare to know.'
Cesare Beccaria's contribution
He called for the end of torture and capital punishment, promoting rational legal reform.
Race view during the Enlightenment
Empirical observations led to a classification of humans into races, often with Europeans considered superior.
Querelle des femmes
The debate about women's role in society during the Renaissance and Enlightenment.
Mary Astell's proposal
In 'A Serious Proposal to the Ladies,' she proposed that women should aspire to the life of the mind and suggested a women's college.
Role of women in salons
Women hosted salons that allowed for discussions on literature, science, and philosophy among intellectuals.
Enlightenment impact on government
It inspired the development of modern democratic governance and human rights.
Father of modern liberalism
John Locke is considered the father of modern liberalism due to his ideas on natural rights and government.
Significance of Mary Wollstonecraft's works
She advocated for women's rights and education, emphasizing equality between men and women.
Role of salons in the Enlightenment
Salons were social gatherings where intellectuals discussed ideas, fostering exchange of knowledge.
Empiricism
A philosophical theory which states that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience.
Montesquieu's advocacy
In 'The Spirit of the Laws,' he advocated for the separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny.
Enlightenment view on superstition
It emphasized reason and science over superstition, aiming to eradicate irrational beliefs.
Significance of the phrase 'Dare to know'
It captures the Enlightenment spirit of questioning and seeking knowledge bravely.
Enlightenment's influence on the American Revolution
It provided ideological foundations for liberty, democracy, and the critique of tyranny.
Thomas Hobbes' view of human nature
Hobbes believed humans were naturally self-interested, necessitating a strong central authority.
Dutch Republic
Known for its early adoption of liberal ideas, the Dutch Republic played a crucial role in the development of modern democratic principles.
Sensationalism
The theory that all human knowledge originates in sensory experience, often associated with thinkers like John Locke.
Locke's Two Treatises of Government
John Locke's work arguing against absolute monarchy and advocating for individual rights and a government based on consent.
Baron de Montesquieu
A philosopher who argued for the separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny.
Voltaire
A prominent Enlightenment thinker known for his critiques of religious dogma and advocacy for civil liberties.
Deism
A belief in a rational God who created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs, often associated with Enlightenment thinkers.
Creation of the Encyclopedia
Denis Diderot and others aimed to compile and disseminate human knowledge, promoting Enlightenment ideas.
Republic of Letters
An intellectual community of writers and philosophers in the Enlightenment who communicated through letters and publications.
Scottish Enlightenment
A period characterized by a focus on reason, scientific inquiry, and advancements in moral philosophy from Scotland.
Prussian Enlightenment
An extension of Enlightenment ideals in Prussia, emphasizing rational thought, education reform, and state-driven development.
Italian Enlightenment
Italy's contribution focused on combining Enlightenment thought with the country's rich historical context and cultural traditions.
Race science
A framework during the Enlightenment that wrongly categorized humans by race, often justifying racial hierarchies and discrimination.
