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The (right/left) hemisphere of the brain is typically dominant for visuo-motor tasks.
Right
The (right/left) hemisphere searches more intelligently.
Left
What structure in the brain allows monkeys to transit visual information across the hemispheres but does not function similarly in humans?
Anterior commissure
LeDoux and Gazzaniga showed that a split brain could respond to visual information presented to the right hemisphere by asking the subject to respond by ... (a word or two will suffice).
Making a motor response on the left side of the body (pointing their left hand)
_________ is a general term for the several "bridges of neurons that connect the hemispheres" (i.e. the corpus collosum is an example of this term).
Commissure
The (left/right) hemisphere is more likely to be involved in false memory.
Left
The creative, narrative talent of the above hemisphere (# 6), which tends to put facts and experiences into a kind of schemata (i.e., the larger context) has been referred to as the:
Left hemisphere interpretive mechanism
Holtzman (1982) discovered that when one half of a split brain worked harder on a task, it (affected/did not affect) the ability of the other half of the brain to perform a task simultaneously.
Affected
(Humans/Rats) learn to maximize the odds of being correct when faced with the task of predicting an event that is actually generated randomly.
Rats
Describe TN’s visual abilities and disabilities?
Despite being blind they have the ability to respond to visual stimuli despite being unable to consciously perceive them (blindsight).
According to this article, damage to which brain region is responsible for the impairment of conscious vision?
Primary visual cortex
Research in which De Gelder and colleagues tested GY, who had lost primary visual cortex in the left hemisphere, revealed what surprising ability with faces?
They could reliably guess the expression appearing on faces they did not consciously perceive.
When faces were presented GY’s left primary visual cortex, what was he unable to perceive?
They were unable to perceive a variety of non-emotional facial attributes such as personal identity and gender.
Define emotional contagion and the procedure used to test it.
A tendency to match one’s own facial expressions to those of others we see. The procedure to test it is called facial electromyography which is putting electrodes on the face to detect changes in muscle.
What is transcranial magnetic stimulation? What does it accomplish?
TMS is applying magnetic fields to the back of the head to create a “virtual lesion”. In this study it is used to temporarily disable the visual cortex creating blindsight.
Brain regions in the (subcortex/cortex) are implicated in emotional blindsight.
Subcortex
In people who are cortically blind, what brain region is thought to underlie the subconscious perception of visual stimuli?
Superior colliculus
This brain region (superior colliculus) acts as an interface between _________and _________.
Sensory processing and motor processing
What does this article tell us about the nature of cortical and subcortical processes in general? Can dissociations of this sort help us to understand how we normally see the world?
It tells us that those with blindsight can subconsciously react to visual stimuli before those with “normal” sight consciously react to it. These dissociations help us understand that sight is much more nuanced than we thought and those with damage to their visual cortex are still seeing but are not able to access it consciously.
According to this author, what problem stands in the way of making a clear scientific case that language is unique to humans.
The problem is we can’t find anything unique in the human genome or in the human brain that explains language.
What is the metamorphosis perspective on language evolution?
The idea of metamorphosis has gone hand in hand with a list of equally dramatic ideas. Language is a unique trait that evolved and is ingrained in our DNA, setting it apart from other mental activities.
What is the authors’ alternative perspective?
Language grows out of a platform of abilities, some of which are very ancient and shared with other animals and only some of which are more modern.
The author’s discussion of apes’ (non)-use of pointing as a gesture ultimately links the difference, not to an evolutionary difference, but instead to a simple difference in….
Learning and culture
What other animals show sensitivity to some basic elements of syntax or structure in messaging?
Zebra finches, dolphins, and some monkeys
Name the so-called “language gene”.
FOXP2
Michael Arbib makes the point that making sense of the human world requires, not only a brain in a body, but a …….
Group of brains interacting as part of the human social world
A major conclusion of Kirby’s digital experiments on language evolution is that “Language seems to emerge out of a combination of ______, ______, and ______.
biology, individual learning, and the transmission of language from one individual to another
Where is Broca’s area located? According to these authors, why is that a sensible place for it?
It is located in the left frontal lobe near the motor cortex which controls the muscles of the mouth and lips. It is a sensible place for it because it is involved in speech production.
Where is Wernicke’s area located? According to these authors, why is that a sensible place for it?
It is located in the left temporal lobe near the auditory cortex, the part of the brain that receives signals from the ears. It is a sensible place for it because it is involved in speech comprehension.
Why do these authors hypothesize that sign language might be lateralized in the right hemisphere?
Because signs are visual spatial signals, and the right hemisphere is considered the spatial hemisphere.
Do deaf signers with brain damage show dissociable deficits of language production (like Broca’s aphasia) and language understanding (like Wernicke’s aphasia)? (Yes/No)
Yes
Damage to the (right/left) hemisphere in signers underlies most acquired impairments in sign language use.
left
What aspect of language is most sharply restricted to the left hemisphere?
The production of language
An alternative way of looking at language lateralization in deaf and hearing people is that language at the “local” level (word deciphering, etc.) is lateralized to the (left/right) whereas the more global aspects of putting together discourse is lateralized the (left/right).
left, right
What do these authors conclude about the relationship between the sign language abilities of life-long signers and their non-linguistic spatial skills?
The sign language abilities of life-long deaf signers appear to be independent of their nonlinguistic spatial skills.
The focus of early research examining the relationship between sleep and memory focused on REM sleep. Why?
Because of the guiding assumption that the brain’s nighttime processing of memories would be tied to dreaming, but clear-cut data did not materialize.
Describe the 2007 experiment by Rasch, in which SWS was shown to be important for enhancing memory during sleep.
In the experiment, they associated learning with specific odors and then cued the odor during SWS which activated the hippocampus. They found enhanced learning and memory recall upon awakening but only when cued with the odor.
In the Rasch’s experiment, which area of brain was activated in response to the odor, and what is the general function of this brain area?
The hippocampus, which is critical for learning to navigate one’s surroundings and for storing the new knowledge gained.
Give the brain origin of the following three types of brain waves:
slow waves
spindles
sharp wave ripples
Cerebral cortex (for slow waves), Thalamus (for spindles), and Hippocampus (for sharp wave ripples)
In Anat Arzi’s study, what sleep manipulation decreased smoking by 30% in the week that followed?
Making the memory association between the smell of cigarette smoke and the smell of rotten fish
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