Western Civilization: Reformation, Monarchies, Revolutions, and World Wars
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134 Terms
Why was the printing press important?
It spread ideas quickly and helped Protestant beliefs spread.
Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg around 1450.
What were Martin Luther's main beliefs?
Salvation by faith alone, Bible as sole authority, priesthood of all believers.
What were the 95 Theses?
Luther's attack on indulgences and Church corruption; started the Protestant Reformation.
What was the Diet of Worms?
Meeting where Luther refused to recant; he was declared an outlaw.
What did Calvin believe?
Predestination and a theocracy.
Why did Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church?
The Pope refused to annul his marriage.
What was the Counter-Reformation?
Catholic effort to stop Protestantism and reform abuses.
Who founded the Jesuits?
Ignatius of Loyola.
What did the Council of Trent do?
Reaffirmed Catholic teachings and corrected abuses.
What was the Index of Forbidden Books?
List of books Catholics were forbidden to read.
What was the Edict of Nantes?
Granted religious freedom to French Protestants (Huguenots).
What was the Treaty of Westphalia?
Ended the Thirty Years' War and recognized state sovereignty.
What were the causes of the Thirty Years' War?
Religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants.
What were the effects of the Thirty Years' War?
Massive destruction and weakened Holy Roman Empire.
What is capitalism?
Economic system based on private ownership and profit.
How did the Dutch benefit from capitalism?
Became wealthy through trade and banking.
What is mercantilism?
Wealth measured by gold and silver; government controls trade.
How did Spain use mercantilism?
Gained wealth from colonies but later suffered economic decline.
How did Elizabeth I solve religious problems?
Created the Anglican compromise.
How did Elizabeth improve finances?
Reduced government spending and encouraged trade.
How did Philip II challenge Elizabeth?
Sent the Spanish Armada in 1588.
What happened to the Armada?
England defeated it.
Why did Charles I anger Parliament?
Raised taxes without approval and ruled without Parliament.
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
Leader of Parliament's forces during the English Civil War.
What happened to Charles I?
Executed in 1649.
Why did James II upset Parliament?
Promoted Catholicism.
What was the Glorious Revolution?
Bloodless overthrow of James II.
What did the English Bill of Rights guarantee?
Limited monarchy and protected Parliament's rights.
What is absolutism?
A ruler holds complete power.
Why was Versailles important?
Allowed Louis XIV to control nobles.
What were Peter the Great's accomplishments?
Westernized Russia and expanded its power.
What did the Scientific Revolution challenge?
Church authority and traditional beliefs.
What replaced old beliefs during the Scientific Revolution?
Observation, experimentation, and reason.
What was the impact of the Scientific Revolution?
Modern science and technology developed.
What is Copernicus known for?
Heliocentric theory.
What did Kepler discover?
Planets move in ellipses.
What is Galileo known for?
Supported heliocentric theory.
What did Newton contribute?
Laws of motion and gravity.
What are John Locke's key ideas?
Natural rights and consent of the governed.
What did Thomas Hobbes believe?
Strong government needed for order.
What is Voltaire known for?
Freedom of speech and religion.
What did Montesquieu advocate?
Separation of powers.
What is Rousseau's concept?
Social contract.
What did Denis Diderot create?
The Encyclopedia.
What is René Descartes famous for?
"I think, therefore I am."
What is Adam Smith known for?
Free-market capitalism.
What did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate?
Women's rights and education.
What were salons?
Gatherings where Enlightenment ideas were discussed.
What were major Enlightenment ideas?
Liberty, equality, reason, natural rights.
What were the effects of the Enlightenment?
Inspired revolutions and democracy.
What were the long-term causes of the French Revolution?
Old Regime, inequality, debt.
What were the immediate causes of the French Revolution?
Financial crisis and Estates-General.
What was the National Assembly?
Representatives of the Third Estate.
What was the Tennis Court Oath?
Promise to create a constitution.
What does Bastille symbolize?
Symbolic start of the revolution.
What was the Declaration of Rights of Man?
Guaranteed liberty and equality.
What was the Women's March on Versailles?
Forced king back to Paris.
Who were the Jacobins?
Radical revolutionaries.
Who was Robespierre?
Leader of the Reign of Terror.
What was the Reign of Terror?
Thousands executed by guillotine.
Why is the French Revolution important?
Spread democracy and nationalism.
How did Napoleon gain power?
He took control after the weakness of the Directory.
Why did Napoleon fall?
Due to the invasion of Russia, the Continental System, and the 100 Days.
What is a positive contribution of Napoleon?
The Napoleonic Code.
What was the Congress of Vienna?
It restored balance of power in Europe.
What was the Enclosure Movement?
It combined small farms into large private farms.
What was the Agricultural Revolution?
It improved farming methods and increased food production.
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
In the United Kingdom.
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in the UK?
Due to coal, iron, capital, and colonies.
What were positive impacts of the Industrial Revolution?
More goods, jobs, unions, and labor laws.
What were the effects of the Industrial Revolution on cities?
It caused rapid urbanization.
What were class tensions during the Industrial Revolution?
There was conflict between workers and factory owners.
What is socialism?
It is government ownership for public benefit.
What is communism?
It is a classless society.
Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?
Marx and Engels.
What were reasons for imperialism?
Resources, markets, and nationalism.
What is Social Darwinism?
It misused the survival-of-the-fittest idea to justify imperialism.
What was nationalism's impact?
It unified nations but increased rivalries.
What is Realpolitik?
Politics based on practical goals.
How did Bismarck unify Germany?
Through 'Blood and Iron' and wars against Denmark, Austria, and France.
Who became Germany's first Kaiser?
Wilhelm I.
How did Italy unify?
Through the efforts of Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi, and Victor Emmanuel.
What were the MAIN causes of WWI?
Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, and Imperialism.
What was the immediate cause of WWI?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
What was the Triple Entente?
It was an alliance of Britain, France, and Russia.
What was the Triple Alliance?
It was an alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
Why were alliances important in WWI?
They turned a regional conflict into a world war.
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
A German plan to defeat France quickly.
What was Verdun?
The longest battle of WWI.
What was the Somme?
A battle with massive casualties.
What was Gallipoli?
A failed Allied campaign.
What were new weapons used in WWI?
Tanks, machine guns, poison gas, and airplanes.
What was unrestricted submarine warfare?
Germany attacked ships without warning.
What was the Zimmerman Telegram?
It helped bring the U.S. into the war.
What were Russia's problems before the revolution?
Poverty, inequality, and weak leadership.
What was the February Revolution?
The Tsar abdicated.
What was the Provisional Government?
A temporary government after the Tsar.
What was the October Revolution?
The Bolsheviks seized power.
Who was Lenin?
The Bolshevik leader.