Policing exam 2

blue wall of silence

figurative protective barrier in which officers protect one another from outsiders often even supervisors

blue curtain

developed by westley “police officers only trust other police officers”

police cynicism

is an attitude that there is no hope for the world and a view of humanity at it’s worst

police subculture 

group with shared values, symbols and beliefs that affect their view of their role in society

working personality, morality, isolation, stressful nature of job

four elements of police subculture

external, organizational, personal, operational

four kinds of stress

outcomes of police stress

alcohol and drug abuse, PTSD, suicide

choir practice

drinking together

police discretion

availability of the choice to act or not act to invoke the CJ system, based on one’s best judgement

hydraulic effect

discretion in one part of the CJ system will affect another

situation, organization, Enironmental, officer characteristics

four factors that affect discretion

racial profiling

stopping people based on race, assuming they did bad because of their race

veil of darkness

less blacks stopped at dark bc officer couldn’t racially profile

terry v ohio

high discretion stops, stop and frisk

implicit bias

attitudes and stereotypes that affect perceptions actions and decision in an unconscious manner (against blacks, worsened with fatigue)

internal controls

admin rules, supervision, early alerts, training, economic ie funding

external controls

court cases, lawsuits, legislative action

frank serpico and Knapp comission

2 types of corruption grass eaters and meat eaters

grass eaters

minor illicit activity, refuse small bribes

meat eaters

major illicit activity, money making opportunities, solicit bribes

occupational deviance

include police corruption (acts for personal gain) and police misconduct (acts that violate policy and procedure)

abuse of authority

acts that tend to injure, insult… includes physical and psychological abuse

three types of police deviance

deviance for personal gain, direct criminal activity, deviance without gain

Giglio v us

requires prosecutors to share with defense information regarding credibility of witness including police

ethics

moral obligations of duty and responsibility to both self and community

3 types of ethics

absolute (good or bad), relative (many sides more complicated), situational (undercover agents)

police brutality

occurs when police use abusive language and intimidation

misuse of deadly force

use of lethal force when not warranted

excessive force

application of an amount or frequency of force greater than that required to compel compliance

suicide by cop

person forcing police to shoot them

Tennessee v garner

specified conditions under which deadly force can be used to catch a felon

Graham v Connor

establish standard of “objective reasonableness”

less than lethal weapons

pepper spray, rubber bullets, taser, baton

net widening

the invention of LTLW results in greater use of force

liability

legal responsibility for one’s actions or errors. failure to meet- can result in lawsuit for damages

litigation

process for taking legal action

tort

a civil wrong resulting in injury harm or loss for which the injured party is entailed to compensation

3 tort categories

strict liability (should have known better), intentional tort (behavior was intentional even if outcome wasn’t), negligence tort (inadvertent behavior causes injury)

doubled

suicide rates of officer has ___ in recent decades

stress

__ is the body’s reaction to internal or external stimuli that upset the body’s normal state

personal stress

__ is produced by the interpersonal characteristics of belonging to the police org, such as difficulty getting along with other officers

working personality

jerome skolnick coined term ___

lack of job satisfaction

many factors lead to stress in police work, including poor training, substandard equipment, poor pay, lack of opportunity, role conflict, exposure of brutality, fear about job competence and fact and ___

perjury

__ takes place when police officer lie or withhold information while under oath

data driven

early warning/early intervention system is a ___ computerized program used by police admin to identify police officers that demonstrate a pattern of problematic behavior

felony fix

a ___ is the “fixing” of felon-level cases for money or other forms of material reward, this includes tampering with evidence, giving false testimony in court proceeding to include the outcome of cases

community-neighborhood characteristics

environmental factors are those that influence officer discretion from sources found outside of police agencies. this type of factor can be divided into two categories __ and direct environmental factors to control police behavior

harlow v Fitzgerald (1982)

_______________ determined that the protection afforded to public officials would no longer turn on whether the official acted in “good faith.” Instead, even officials who violate peoples’ rights will be immune unless the victim can show that his or her right was “clearly established."

CRITA

the __________  program was a voluntary process by which law enforcement agencies could request help from the federal government to evaluate and suggest changes to policies and practices with the goal of improving their relationship with their community.

Marshall project and Washington post

small number of officers responsible for large number of misconduct payments

legal duty, breach of duty, proximate cause, damage or injury

four elements needed to prove negligence

title 42 USC section 1983

violation of constitutional rights may lead to civil suits in federal court

probable cause, good faith immunity, qualified immunity, absolute immunity

defenses to Section 1983