APWH, Unit 1.1, Developments in East Asia

Explain the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and how they adopted over time.

Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrate continuity, innovation, and diversity. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism, and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.

Explain the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia over time.

Chinese cultural traditions continued, and they influenced neighboring regions.

Know: filial piety, Neo-Confucianism, Heian Japan

Explain the effects of innovation on Chinese economy over time.

• The economy of Song China became increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on free peasant and artisanal labor.

• The economy of Sogn China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovations in agriculture and manufacturing. These include: champa rice, grand canal expansion, steel, iron, textiles, porcelain

Define champa rice.

A fast-ripening and drought-resistant strain of rice from the Champa Kingdom in Vietnam, greatly expanding agricultural production in China.

Define artisans.

Skilled craftsworkers.

Define scholar gentry.

A new social class created by bureaucratic expansion that outnumbered the aristocracy. They were educated in Confucian philosophy and became the most influential social class in China.

Define filial piety.

The duty of family members to subordinate their desires to those of the male head of the family and to the ruler.

Define Grand Canal.

Inexpensive and efficient internal waterway transportation system that extended over 30,000 miles.

Define imperial bureaucracy.

A vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empire's policies.

Define meritocracy.

China's bureaucratic system that allowed for upward mobility within China during the Song Dynasty.

Define woodblock printing.

Developed by China that allowed them to make multiple copies of art or written texts without laboriously copying each by hand.

Define food binding.

A restraint on women's activities in China that became common under aristocratic families during the Song Dynasty where girls had their feet wrapped so tightly that the bones could not grow naturally.

Define Buddhism.

Come to China from India via Silk Roads. It became prominent between the Han and Sui Dynasties, and was encouraged by the Buddhist monk Xuanzang.

Define Theravada Buddhism.

Focused on personal spiritual growth through silent mediation and self-discipline. It became the strongest in Southeast Asia.

Define Mahayana Buddhism.

Focused on the spiritual growth for all beings and service. It became the strongest in China and Korea.

Define Tibetan Buddhism.

Focused more on chanting. It became the strongest in Tibet.

Define Chan (Zen) Buddhism.

Buddhist doctrines combined with elements of Daoist traditions. Emphasized direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture.

Define syncretic.

Fused

Define Neo-Confucianism.

Evolved between 770 and 840. It was a syncretic system, combining rational thought with more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism. It emphasized ethnics rather than mysteries of God and nature.

Define Heian Period.

794-1185: Japan emulated Chinese traditions in art, politics, and literature.

Define nuclear families.

Just a wife, husband, and their children.

Define polygeny.

The practice of having more than one wife at the same time

Define proto-industrialization.

A set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell.

Give 2 vocab. words that describe economics in China.

• champa rice

• artisans

Give 1 vocab. word that describes environment in China.

Grand Canal

Give 2 vocab. words that describe society in China.

• scholar gentry

• filial piety

Give 1 vocab. word that describes technology in China.

woodblock printing

Give 1 vocab. word that describes governance in Japan.

Heian Japan

Give 2 vocab. words that describe governance in China.

• imperial bureaucracy

• meritocracy

Identify the timeline of the Song Dynasty in China.

960-1279

What was the Song Dynasty?

They replaced the Tang Dynasty in 960 and ruled for more than three centuries. They are the leading example of diversity and innovation in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas during the 13th century.

Give 8 vocab. words that describe culture in China.

• foot binding

• Buddhism

• Theravada Buddhism, • Mahayana Buddhism, • Tibetan Buddhism, • Chan (Zen) Buddhism

• syncretic

• Neo-Confucianism

The Song Dynasty ruled a smaller region than their predecessors, the Tang. Why?

Invading pastoralists from Manchuria (who set up the Jin Empire) took over the northern lands.

Who invented the bureaucracy used by China?

Qin Dynasty (221 BCE - 207 BCE)

Give 2 vocab words that describe culture in Vietnam.

• nuclear families

• polygyny

China's bureaucracy (expanded/diminished) under the Song Dynasty.

Expanded

Which dynasty made China's bureaucracy a meritocracy?

Song Dynasty

What was one great achievement for Emperor Song Taizu?

He expanded the educational opportunities to young men of the lower economic classes so that they could score well on the civil service exams.

What happened if you scored well on the civil service exams?

A young man could obtain a highly desired job in the bureaucracy.

Civil service exams were based on what?

Knowledge of Confucian texts

What Chinese system allowed for more upward mobility than any other hiring system of its time?

Meritocracy

What happened at the end of the Song Dynasty? (HINT: What led to its downfall?)

The bureaucracy had grown so large that it contributed to the empire's weakness. By creating so many jobs and paying these officials so handsomely, the Song increased the costs of government to to the point that they began drying up China's surplus wealth.

What accomplishments of the Tang Dynasty led the Song Dynasty to rapid prosperity and population growth?

• promoted agricultural development

• improved roads & canals

• encouraged foreign trade

• spread technology

Describe gunpowder during the Song Dynasty.

Although gunpowder had been invented in China in previous dynasties, innovators in the Song Dynasty made the first guns. Over centuries, the technology of making gunpowder and guns spread from China to all parts of Eurasia via traders on the Silk Roads.

What was an effect of champa rice in China during the Song Dynasty?

It allowed farming to spread to lands where once rice could not grow, such as lowlands, riverbanks, and hills. In some areas, it also allowed farmers to grow two crops of rice per year, a summer crop and a winter crop.

Give examples of innovative methods of production contributing to agricultural success.

• Chinese farmers put manure (both human and animal) on the fields to enrich the soil

• They built elaborate irrigation systems using ditches, water wheels, pumps, and terraces to increase productivity.

• New heavy plows pulled by water buffalo or oxen allowed previously unusable land to be cultivated.

In the last three centuries of Song Dynasty rule, China's population increased from about 25% to what?

40%

What is "black earth" and what role did it play increasing China's economy?

Coal was discovered in 4th century BCE and enabled China to produce greater amount of cast iron goods. They later learned how to take carbon out of cast iron and began to manufacture steel.

China (did/did not) have the greatest manufacturing capability in the world.

Did

What was steel used for in China?

• make/reinforce bridges, gates, and ship anchors

• religious items; ex: pagodas & Buddhist figures

• strengthened agricultural equipment

China experienced proto-industrialization (earlier/later) than in Western Europe.

Earlier

What was the different between proto-industrialization and later industrialization in Western Europe?

Later industrialization featured large-scale production in factories using complex machines while proto-industrialization relied more on home-based or community-based production using simple equipment.

Give examples of trade goods produced by artisans and peasants in the Song Dynasty.

• steel

• porcelain

• silk

Why was porcelain highly desired by consumers?

It was light-weight, yet strong. Further, it was light-colored, so it could easily be painted with elaborate designs.

Give 3 examples of sea-based innovations developed by China.

• compass

• redesigned ships (to carry more cargo)

• print paper navigation charts

What did printing paper navigation charts allow China to do?

It made seafaring possible in open waters, out of sight land, and sailors became less reliant on the sky for directions.

Describe how China became the world's most commercialized society.

It's economy changed from local consumption to arrest production, with porcelains, textiles, and tea as the chief exports. The Grand Canal supported a vibrant internal trade while advances in naval technology allowed China to control trade in the South China Sea.

Describe taxes in China.

Song promoted growth of commercial economy by changing how they built public projects (roads & irrigation canals). Instead of requiring people labor on these projects, the government paid people to work on them.

What are 2 sources of income for the Chinese government? (HINT: One of them is taxes.)

Taxes & tributes

Describe the tribute system.

It was an arrangement in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor.

What were some benefits from the tribute system?

• helped cement China's economic and political power over several foreign countries

• created stability in China

• stimulated trade for all parties involved

Who began the tribute system?

Han Dynasty

What is a kowtow?

A ritual in which anyone greeting the Chinese emperor must bow his or her head until it reached the floor. This demonstrated respect.

Who was Zheng He?

He was sent out by the Chinese and led tremendous fleets to demonstrate the power of the emperor and receive tribute.

Throughout most of Chinese history, the majority of people lived in (rural/urban) areas.

Rural

Give a statistic that supports the following statement: At the height of the Song Dynasty, China was the most urbanized land in the world.

It has several cities containing more than 100,000 people. (Ex: Chang'an - capital, Hangzhou - southern end of Grand Canal, Guangzhou - port city)

Who made up the Chinese aristocracy?

Landowners who inherited their wealth

Other than the aristocracy, what are 3 other social classes below the scholar gentrY?

Farmers, artisans, merchants

Why were merchants of low social class?

It reflected Confucian respect for hard work and creating value. The tasks of merchants did not require physical strength or endurance, and they simply exchanged goods without growing or making anything new.

Who were the lowest social class?

Peasants who worked for wealthy landowners, often to pay off debts, and the urban poor.

What did the Song government do to help peasants and urban poor? (HINT: medicine)

They provided aid to the poor and established public hospitals where people could receive free care.

Summarize the role of women in the Song Dynasty.

Confucian traditions included both respect for the women and the expectation that they would defer to men. This patriarchal pattern strengthened under the Tang and Song Dynasties.

What restricted women's ability to move and hence to participate in the public sphere? (HINT: It signified social status, something suitors particularly desired.)

Foot binding

When was foot binding banned?

1912

When did the Chinese invent paper?

2nd century

When did the Chinese develop a system of printing?

7th century

What is thought to be the world's first woodblock printed work?

Buddhist scripture

Who not only consumed literature at a tremendous rate, but were also major producers of literature throughout the era of the Song Dynasty?

Confucian scholars

What do all 3 forms of Buddhism believe in?

• Four Noble Truths, which stress the idea that personal suffering can be alleviated by eliminating cravings or desires and by following Buddhist precepts

• Eight-Fold Path, precepts that can lead to enlightenment or nirvana

What did monks do to introduce Buddhism to China?

They related it to Daoist beliefs.

Ex: dharma -> "dao"

Monasteries were a major part of what religion in China: Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism.

Buddhism

THe Tang Dynasty was also considered as what? (HINT: Three Kingdoms)

Middle Kingdom

Describe how the Song Dynasty reacted differently than the Tang Dynasty to Buddhism.

The Song Dynasty was somewhat more friendly to Buddhism, but it did not go out of its way to promote the religion. They emphasized China's native traditions like Confucianism.

Buddhism had a strong presence and many Confucians began to adopt its ideals into their daily lives: True or False

True

Since Japan was separated from China by sea rather than land, it did not have more ability to control its interactions with China like Korea or Vietnam could: True or False

False: Since Japan was separated from China by sea rather than land, it had more ability to control its interactions with China than Korea or Vietnam could.

Who was Prince Shotoku Taishi?

Japan's prince who lived from 574-622 that promoted Buddhism and Confucianism along with Japan's traditional Shinto religion. During this era, Japan learned how to do woodblock printing from China.

What was the world's first novel? Who was it composed by? What was it about?

"The Tale of Genji", written by a Japanese write in 11th century, was a story of a Japanese prince and his life at court, particularly his many romances.

Which country, China, Japan, Korea, or Vietnam, could feudalism be found?

Japan

Describe feudalism in Japan.

Japan had been a feudal society without a centralized government. Landowning aristocrats, called daimyo, battled for control of land, while the majority of people worked as rice farmers.

Describe how European and Japanese feudalism were similar.

• very little mobility

• built upon hereditary hierarchies

Compare the "hierarchy" of European and Japanese citizens in feudalist system.

King = Emperor (or shogun)

Nobles = daimyo

Knights = samurais

Serfs = serfs

Describe how European and Japanese feudalism were different.

Daimyo enjoyed much more power than nobility did.

Ex: Daimyo ruled over vast stretches of land and, in realty, were more powerful than emperor or shogun while monarch was higher than nobility.

What is the bushido?

It is the equivalent of Europe's code of chivalry for knights. It stressed frugality, loyalty, martial arts, and honor unto death.

Compare China's and Japan's government.

China was ruled by an emperor who oversaw a large civilian bureaucracy and had a centralized government. Japan, however, was ruled by the Minamoto, a powerful land-owning family, when the Heian court declined.

Describe a shogun.

In 1192, Minamoto installed a shogun, or military ruler, to reign. He had more power than the Japanese emperor.

When would the shoguns create a strong central government that could stop regions rivalries among aristocrats and unify the country?

17th century

Describe how China and Korea are similar.

• Korea had centralized government in style of Chinese

• Koreans adopted Confucian and Buddhist beliefs

• Koreans adopted Chinese writing system (which was weird because the languages remained structurally different)

When did Korea develop its own writing system?

15th century

Identify 1 important difference between Korea and China.

Korea's aristocracy was more powerful than China's. Because of this, Korean elite were able to prevent some Chinese reforms from ever being implemented. For example, the Korean civil service exam was not open to peasants, therefore not making it a truly merit-based system.

Give 2 examples of things the Vietnamese adapted from China.

Writing system & architectural styles