APUSH Period 3

French and Indian War

Immediate cause was conflict in the Ohio Valley; British led by George Washington to reassert claims, Ohio Indians sided with French and defeated British.

The Albany Congress - Plan of Union

Proposed one general government in America with all colonies; Iroquois leaders felt neglected by British and worried about losing Ohio Valley to French.

Colonial Unity

The war exposed rivalries and self-interest, leading to rejection of the Albany Plan of Union due to prioritization of individual interests over collective governance.

British Victory Consequences

Positive: territorial expansion east of MI river, elimination of French colonial power, economic potential. Negative: debt, taxation of colonies, Proclamation of 1763, colonial discontent.

Shift in Identity

Colonists began to question British authority and imperial control.

British Provocation and Colonial Reaction

Destructive pattern driven by Britain's attempts to raise revenue after the 7 Year's War, leading to colonial rebellion.

Colonial Protests

Colonists protested against the lack of self-government and representation in British Parliament.

Colonial Organization

Formal political organizing through the First Continental Congress and informal direct action like the Boston Tea Party.

Military Preparation

Local militias and the Continental Army were established during the First Continental Congress under George Washington.

Opposition to Independence

Loyalists were likely to oppose independence.

Mobilization for Independence

Pro-independence colonists mobilized support through organizations like the Sons of Liberty and coordinated political action.

Arguments for Independence

Colonists made a list of grievances against British rule and emphasized their own identity.

Events Favoring Independence

Intolerable Acts, Continental Congresses, and Common Sense pushed things in favor of independence.

Use of Propaganda

Colonists used propaganda in sermons and newspaper articles to make their case for independence.

Revolutionary War Outcome

Americans won the Revolutionary War through strategic advantages and British losses.

Articles of Confederation

The first governing document of the United States, which created a weak central government.

Constitution

The foundational legal document of the United States that established a stronger federal government.

Ratification

The formal approval process of the Constitution by the states.

Shay's Rebellion

An armed uprising in 1786-1787 by farmers protesting economic injustices and the lack of a strong central government.

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Included a weak central government, inability to tax or regulate commerce, and lack of executive or judicial branches.

Features of the Articles of Confederation

Included a list of rights, separation of powers, voting, and office-holding.

Successes of the Articles of Confederation

Winning the Revolutionary War, negotiating the Treaty of Paris, and establishing a system for westward expansion.

Great Compromise

An agreement during the Constitutional Convention that established a two-house legislature.

Three-Fifths Compromise

A compromise that counted enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation.

Electoral College

A body that elects the president of the United States.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution who advocated for a stronger national government.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution who feared centralized authority and wanted more power for the states.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added to address Anti-Federalist concerns about individual liberties.

George Washington's reputation

He was regarded as the best candidate for the first president due to his leadership in the Revolutionary War.

Washington's goal in foreign affairs

To keep the United States neutral and avoid involvement in European conflicts.

Functional Federalist

Refers to Washington's governance style that aligned with Federalist principles despite his disdain for political parties.

Central issues at the Constitutional Convention

Included representation in Congress, powers of the executive branch, state vs. federal authority, and slavery.

Main differences between the Constitution and the Articles

The Constitution established a stronger federal government with three branches, while the Articles created a weak central government.

Consent of the states

The Articles of Confederation required consent from 9 out of 13 states to act.

Amendment process of the Articles

The Articles needed a unanimous vote to be amended.

Washington's presidential cabinet

A group of advisors appointed by the president to help govern the nation.

Centralized government

A government where power is concentrated in a central authority.

Whiskey Rebellion

The federal government had the power and willingness to enforce its laws and maintain order.

Democratic-Republicans

Wanted state governments and agricultural economies.

John Adams

Prevented war with France by renegotiating and passed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Prompted the nation's first constitutional crisis by starting a conflict over the balance of power between the federal government and individual states.

Salutary Neglect

Great Britain did not enforce laws for colonies, so they became mostly self-governing.

Pontiac's Rebellion

Natives rebelling against colonists.

Proclamation of 1763

Britain wanted to stabilize the western frontier, prohibiting colonists from settling west of the Appalachians.

Albany Plan of Union

Purpose was coordinating colonial defense against British; set precedent for later congresses.

Sugar Act

Purpose was to raise money to pay war debt; reduced tax on sugar but required stricter enforcement of tax laws.

Stamp Act

Purpose was to raise money to pay war debt; required stricter enforcement of tax laws.

Townshend Acts

Tax on a variety of goods to raise money to pay royal officials; led to another boycott.

Boston Massacre

Troops in Boston to protect customs officials; 5 colonists killed and used as propaganda by patriots.

Tea Act

Tax put on tea (made it cheaper) was used to integrate the colonies to tax.

Boston Tea Party

Colonist response to the Tea Act; dumped tea in the Boston Harbor.

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

The Port Act prohibited colonists from trading with Britain.

Massachusetts Acts

Reduced power of the Massachusetts legislature, giving the royal governor control over appointments and judiciary.

Quebec Act

Expanded the territory of the Province of Quebec southward to the Ohio River and recognized Roman Catholicism and French civil law.

First Continental Congress

Colonists responding to Britain's threats on their liberties; all were wealthy white men.

Second Continental Congress

Division about declaring independence; resulted in the formation of an army.

Olive Branch Petition

Colonists pledging their loyalty and asking Parliament to continue looking out for them.

Common Sense

a persuasive argument for American independence from Great Britain

Lexington and Concord

major British losses, and major US wins, which starts the winning paths of the US and the losing paths of the British

Saratoga

First major American win, winning this, helped to pursue France to join the battle.

Yorktown

last major battle, America wins, the French supported them

Northwest Ordinance

westward expansion

Shays' Rebellion

rebelled against taxes and debt

VA Plan

a system of checks and balances to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

NJ Plan

a government with equal state representation in a unicameral legislature

Connecticut Compromise

house of reps is based on population, while senate is a set amount

Federalism

a system of government where power is divided between a national government and regional governments, like states

Separation of Powers

division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful

Checks and balances

each branch of government has the power to limit or check the powers of the other branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful

3/5ths Compromise

3 out of 5 slaves would count toward the population-affects the # of representatives

Federalist Papers

essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to persuade New York citizens to ratify the proposed U.S. Constitution

Jay Treaty

In foreign policy, Federalists sought friendly relations with Great Britain to protect American trade interests and maintain stability.

Pinckney Treaty

dispute and secured crucial navigation rights for Americans

Battle of Fallen Timbers

a decisive U.S. military victory over Native American confederacies.

Treaty of Greenville

resulted from the Battle of Fallen Timbers

Judiciary Act of 1789

established the structure of the federal judiciary, creating a system of district and circuit courts and setting the Supreme Court's size and powers

Hamilton's Economic Plan

federal government assuming state debts from the Revolutionary War, establishing the Bank of the United States, and supporting American industry through tariffs

Washington's Farewell Address

warns against involvement in European affairs, Not to form permanent alliances in foreign affairs, Not to form political parties, Not to devolve into sectionalism

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

political statements written in by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts

XYZ Affair

France harassing American ships, which angered Americans so, Adams sent diplomats to resolve the issues in France and three officials demanded a bribe from Americans.

King George III

king during rev war

John Dickinson

securing equal representation for each state in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives

Benjamin Franklin

securing the French alliance during the Revolution, drafting the Constitution, and signing the Declaration of Independence

Thomas Paine

wrote common sense

Samuel Adams

organized rebellions like the stamp act, and Boston tea party

John Jay

helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris

James Madison

drafted the bill of rights and constitution

Thomas Jefferson

drafted the declaration of independence

Alexander Hamilton

fought in rev war, and drafted the constitution

George Washington

1 pres, and leader of the rev war troops.