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1 teaspoon (tsp/t) = _ mL
5 mL
1 tablespoon (tbsp/T) = _ mL
15 mL
1 fl oz = _ mL
30 mL
1 cup = _ oz and _ mL
8 oz
240 mL
1 pint = _ oz and _ mL
16 oz
480 mL
1 quart = _ pints and _ mL
2 pints
960 mL
1 gallon = _ quarts and _ mL
4 quarts
3,840 mL
1 kg = _ lbs
2.2 lbs
1 oz = _ g
28.4 g
1 lb = _ g and _ oz
454 g
16 oz
1 grain (gr) = _ mg
65 mg
1 in = _ cm
2.54 cm
1 meter (m) = _ cm
100 cm
Metric conversion order for grams
Kilo - Gram - Mili - Micro - Nano
each by 1000
Metric conversion order for liters
Liter - Deci - Centi - Mili
each by 10
L to mL = 1,000
%w/v
X g/100 mL
%v/v
X mL/100 mL
%w/w
X g/100 g
Percent strength =
100/ ratio strength (after the :)
Ratio strength =
100/ percent strength
PPM → percent strength
Move the decimal LEFT 4 places
Percent strength → PPM
Move the decimal RIGHT 4 places
Specific gravity (SG) =
g/mL
Dilution + concentration forumula
C1Q1 = C2Q2
What is the concentration of a diluent
0% (Ex: petroleum, lanolin, alcohol, ointment base, inert base, aquaphor)
When do you use C1V1 = C2V2?
When you have 2 concentrations
When do you use alligation?
When you have 3 concentrations
Osmolarity is looking at
Dissociation of particles
# of osmoles in dextrose
1
# of osmoles in mannitol
1
# of osmoles in KCl
2
# of osmoles in NaCl
2
# of osmoles in NaC2H3O2 (sodium acetate)
2
# of osmoles in MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate)
2
# of osmoles in CaCl2
3
# of osmoles in Na3C6H5O7 (sodium citrate)
4
Ionization (i) increases by _ with each dissociated ion
0.8 (starting at 1 dissociated ion = 1 i)
Isotonicity (E value) =
(58.5)(i) / (MW)(1.8)
Steps for isotonicity problems
Calculate total g of NaCl needed by multiplying 0.9% NS by desired mL
Calculate g of NaCl equivalent for drug by multiplying g of drug by E
Subtract step 2 from step 1 to get amount of NaCl needed
Milliequivalents is looking at
Valence electrons
mEq of NH4Cl (ammonium chloride)
1
mEq of KCl
1
mEq of KC6H11O7 (potassium gluconate)
1
mEq of NaC2H3O2 (sodium acetate)
1
mEq of NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)
1
mEq of NaCl
1
mEq of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)
2
mEq of CaCl2
2
mEq of FeSO4 (ferrous sulfate)
2
mEq of Li2CO3 (lithium carbonate)
2
mEq of MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate)
2
BMI =
kg/[m]2
(lbs/[in]2) × 703
Normal weight BMI range
18.5-24.9
IBW (males) =
50 + (2.3)(# of in >60)
IBW (females) =
45.5 + (2.3)(# of in >60)
ABW =
IBW + 0.4(TBW - IBW)
If TBW < IBW (pt is underweight)
Use TBW for ALL medications
If TBW ~ IBW (pt is normal weight)
Use TBW for MOST medications
Use IBW for aminophylline, theophylline, acyclovir, and levothyroxine
If TBW ≥ 120% of IBW (pt is obese)
-Use TBW for LMWHs, UFH, and vancomycin
-Use IBW for aminophylline, theophylline, acyclovir, and levothyroxine
-Use ABW for aminoglycosides
BUN: Scr ratio that indicates dehydration
> 20:1
CrCl (mL/min) =
[(140-age)(kg)]/(72xSCr) (x0.85 if FEMALE)
Which weight should you use in CrCl equation?
TBW<IBW: use TBW
TBW~IBW: use IBW
TBW>IBW + BMI ≥25: use ABW
What is included in ABGs?
pH/pCO2/pO2/HCO3/O2 sat
Steps to interpret ABG
pH <7.35 → acidosis, pH >7.45 → alkalosis
Respiratory: pCO2 <35 → alkalosis, pCO2 >45 → acidosis (opposite of what you think)
Metabolic: HCO3 >26 → alkalosis, HCO3 <22 → acidosis
Match the abnormal value to the pH
Causes of anion gap acidosis
CUTE DIMPLES
Cyanide
Uremia
Toluene
Ethanol
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Isoniazid
Methanol
Propylene glycol
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Salicylates
Anion gap (AG) =
Na - Cl - HCO3
In a weak acid, pH =
pKa + log [salt/acid]
In a weak base, pH =
pKa + log [base/salt]
In a weak acid, % ionization =
100 / [1+10(pKa-pH)]
In a weak base, % ionization =
100 / [1+10(pH-pKa)]
ANC (cells/mm3) =
WBC x [(%segs + %bands)/100]
Degrees C =
(F-32) / 1.8
Degrees F =
(C x 1.8) + 32
Starting basal/bolus insulin in T1DM
Calculate TDD of 0.5 units/kg/day (using TBW)
50% basal, 50% bolus
Split bolus among meals
Insulin-to-carb ratio (ICR) for regular insulins =
450 / TDD
Insulin-to-carb ratio (ICR) for rapid-acting insulins =
500 / TDD
Correction factor for regular insulin =
1,500 / TDD
Correction factor for rapid-acting insulin =
1,800 / TDD
Correction dose =
[(BG now) - (target BG)] / correction factor
(then add this to the units normally administered)
LDL =
TC - HDL - (TG*/5)
*Do not use if TG >400
KCl solution to tablets
KCl 10% = 20 mEq/15 mL
Elemental calcium in calcium carbonate
40% elemental calcium
Elemental calcium in calcium citrate
21% elemental calcium
Aminophylline ← → Theophylline
ATM
Aminophylline to Theophylline Multiply by 0.8
Statin equivalence
Pharmacists Rock At Saving Lives and Preventing Fatty deposits
Pitavastatin 2mg
Rosuvastatin 5 mg
Atorvastatin 10 mg
Simvastatin 20 mg
Lovastatin 40 mg
Pravastatin 40 mg
Fluvastatin 80 mg
Insulin conversions
Usually 1:1
EXCEPT:
NPH BID → glargine daily, use 80% NPH dose
Toujeo → other glargine or detemir, use 80% Toujeo dose