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what is the textbook judgement on russias condition by 1941?
by 1941, stalins 5 year plans had transformed russia into a highly industrialised and urbanised nation, while all russian farms had been collectivised and free markets brought to an end. although soviet claims and stastics were often exaggerated, there is no doubt that a remarkable transformation had taken place.
what are some stastics on town population?
-in 1926, 17% of the populatoin lived in towns, but by 1939, 33% did.
which country did the ussr overtake? which was it close to overtaking?
by 1940, the ussr had overtaken britain in iron and steel production and was not far behind germany.
what are some rearmament stats?
-9 aircraft facotires were constructed in 1939
-between 1938 and 1941, spending on rearmament rose from 27.5 billion roubles to 70.9 billion roubles.
-on the eve of war, soviet industry was producing 230 tanks, 700 military aircraft and more than 100,000 rifls per month.
what were some weaknesses with the economic progression?
-economic development was uneven
-heavy industry grew massivley by 1941, but consumer production had been cut back and consumer goods were rarer than they had been under the nep.
-quality of goods was poor, as the bureacracy had favoured figures and targets above all else (quantity over quality)
how did poor organisation harm the econmy?
-bureacracy hindred the implementation of econmic schemes
-organsation at local levels was highly choatic.
-the economy was not prepared for imminent war in 1941.
what was the differnece in electricity production (millions) between 1928 and 1940?
1928: 5 million kwh
1940: 48 million kwh
what is an example of a consumer good that hardly grew? what are the stats?
autmobiles
-by 1940, russia was only producing around half a million cars.
whata re the stats for coal production?
1928: 35.4 million tonnes
1940: 165 million tonnes
what are arguments in favour of the idea that russia achieved socialism?
-by soviet definition, socialism meant social ownership of the menas of production. people “collectivley owned” facotires and fields (the state did on peoples behalf)
-no profits were made by some people art others expense.
how did stalin gain greater control over the ople by 1941?
-from 1929, peasants were supervised by party officials tattacthced to each kolkho.
-secret police units were stationed at each mts station to check on hte rural population
-factory manaers were subject to control of the party
-workers were kept in line with strict rules and internal passport
what are arguments againsth the idea that stalin transformed russia into a socialist country?
-rather than a classless society, stalin created a hierarchial society dominated by privelaged party elite. poeasants were at the mercy of collectives and urban working classes were exploitedby their soviet masters.
-the state grew in power, rather than erode in power, violating marxist stage theory.
how did central control and hard labour laws help russia during hte invasion?
the principle of central authority and the development and the command economy were vital to the organisatoin of hte war effort in 1941. hard labour laws and severity of working conditions helped build resillience amoong the soviet working force and made them ready to suffer for hte greater good
