Biodiversity - Evolution Lecture

evolution (2)

1) the process by which characteristics of a species change and through which new species evolve over time

2) genetic changes or changes in allele frequencies within a population over time

unifying theme in biology is

evolution

evolution is the central theme in biology because

allows framework for understanding diversity and unity of life

pre-darwinian contributions (4)

1) george-louis buffon

2) thomas malthus

3) jean baptiste de lamarck

4) charles lyell

georges-louis buffon era

mid-late 18th century

georges-louis buffon contribution (2)

1) noticed enviornmental influnces on animal form

2) estimated earths age to be 70,000 years old

georges-louis buffon’s earth age estimate

70,000 years

thomas malthus major work & date

an essay on the principles of population; 1798

thomas malthus contribution

populations grow exponentially until a resources are limited

jean baptiste de lamark major date

1809

jean baptiste de lamark contributions (2)

1) first hypothesis for evolution - inheritance of acquired traits -

2) proposed fossils are evidence of exinction

jean baptise de lamark was influenced by

georges-louis buffon

charles lyell major work and date

principles of geology; 1833

charles lyell major contribution

proposed that the earth had gradually been shaped geologically for over millions of years

individuals who proposed theories of evolution by natural selection

1) alfred russell wallace

2) charles darwin

dates of darwin expiditions

1831-1836

name of darwins ship

HMS beagle

expedition locations by darwin (3)

1) galapagos islands (south america)

2) australia

3) cape verde archipelago (africa)

dates of wallace’s expiditions & locations (2)

1) 1848-1852; amazon rainforest

2) 1854-1862; malay archipelago

diversity of life is explained by

evolution by natural selection

galapagos finches beaks are an example of

evolution by natural selection and diversity of life

draw observation (2) and inferences (2) chart

what text provided evidence of ancient earth

lyell’s principles of geology

evolution hypothesis #1

present day species are descendents of similar extinct species

evolution hypothesis #2

variation and natural selection are the primary mechanisms for decent with modification

natural selection is the major mechanism for (2)

1) adaptation

2) speciation

what are the requirements for natural selection (2)

1) variation in heritable traits

2) overproduction of offspring

researcher for patterns of inheritance

gregor mendel

modern synthesis of evolution includes (3)

1) patterns of inheritance - gregor mendel

2) relationship between DNA and protiens

3) natural selection

what did the modern synthesis develop for tests

predictive equations for evolution

examples of predictive evolution equations

hardy-wienburg equations

heritable variations stem from

DNA mutations

does the enviornment produce favorable mutations or traits

no, it acts on variations within populations

does natural selection act on genotypes of phenotypes

phenotypes

ways sexual reproduction contributes to variation (2)

1) formation of genetically unique gametes

2) combining gametes at fertilization

does evolution occur with populations or individuals

populations, over time

what is one product of natural selection

adaptations

examples of natural selection (4)

1) pesticide resistance

2) fancy pigeons (darwin)

3) livestock

4) domesticated animals

ways natural selection can alter populations (3)

1) stabilizing selection

2) directional selection

3) disruptive selection

draw stabilizing selection

draw directional selection

draw disruptive selection

define sexual selection

individuals with certain traits are more likely than others to successfully reproduce

sexual dimorphism stems from

sexual selection

examples of sexual dimorphism (3)

1) peacocks

2) male and female northern cardinals

3) male and female green anoles

mutation as… (2)

1) a mechanism of evolution

2) a source of new alleles

genetic drift as…(2)

1) a mechanism of evolution

2) chance changes in populations

genetic drift examples (3)

1) fire

2) floods

3) disease

conditions of genetic drift (2)

1) small populations

2) random, indiscriminant events

bottleneck effect leads to the…

founder effect

gene flow as…(2)

1) mechanism of evolution

2) the gain or loss of alleles

examples/conditions of gene flow (2)

1) migration, dispersal

2) removal of barriers

mechanisms of evolution (4)

1) natural selection

2) mutations

3) genetic drift

4) gene flow

evidence of evolution (4)

1) fossil record

2) anatomy and embryology

3) biogeography

4) molecular biology

evidence of evolution within the fossil record (3)

1) extinction

2) historical geographic distributions

3) intermediate forms

evidence of evolution within anatomy & embryology (2)

1) homologous structures

2) vestigial structures

homologous structures definition

similar structures due to common ancestry; not necessarily used the same

are analogous structures evidence of evolution

no, they are products of convergent evolution

example of homologous structure

pentadactyl limbs

example of analogous traits

coloring on arctic foxes and arctic birds

analogous traits are examples of (2)

1) convergent evolution

2) similar selective pressures

biogeography definition

the geographic distribution with continental drift and historical environments as it pertains to species and populations

examples of biogeorgaphy

true toads; bufonidae

molecular biology as evidence of evolution due to (2)

1) similarity of DNA sequences

2) common genetic code

the common genetic code is evidence of what

the unity of life

the unity of life is supported by

the common or universal genetic code

recent evolution observed by reasearchers (2)

1) rosemary grant

2) peter grant

dates of galapagos finches and enviornmental changes studies

1976 - present

what have the modern galapagos finches studies displayed

documented changes in beak size and food availability

species definition as the smallest distinct grouping that is (3)

1) the result of common descent

2) forms a reproductive community

3) shares a similar ecological niche

the different species concepts (4)

1) biological species concept

2) morphological species concept

3) ecological species concept

4) phylogenic species concept

biological species concept definition

a group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce viable offspring

the morphological species concept definition

a classification for species based on physical traits and used to name most species

the species concept used to name most species

morphological species concept

ecological species concept definition

focueses on ecological niche; adaptiations to adaptations and ecosystem roles

phylogenetic species concept definition

smallest group that shares common ancestry and forms a branch on the phylogenetic tree

what species concept combines the lines of evidence for evolution

phylogenetic species concept

whatlines of evidence does the phylogenetic species concept combine? (3+)

1) morphology

2) DNA

3) biochemical

speciation definition (2)

1) formation of 2+ species from one ancestral species

2) illustrated as a series of splitting events over time

requirements for speciation (2)

1) prezygotic barrier (reproductive barrier)

2) postzygotic barrier

examples of prezygotic or reproductive barriers (3)

1) geographic barrier

2) habitat preferences

3) behavioral differences

postzygotic barrier examples (3)

1) reduced hybrid viability

2) reduced hybrid fertility

3) hybrid breakdown

mechanisms of evolution (3)

1) selective pressures - ex. natural selection, etc.

2) genetic drift

3) gene flow

allopatric speciation definition

the geographic separation of members of a parent species

examples of geographic seperation within allopatric speciation (2)

1) dispersal

2) vicariance

example of vicariance

the grand canyon

sympatric speciation definition

no physical barriers, but mechanisms of reproductive isolation

methods of sympatric speciation (2)

1) chromosomal errors

2) behaviora isolation

examples of chromosomal errors within sympatric speciation (2)

1) autopolyploidy

2) alloploidy

animal example of sympatric speciation (2)

1) checkered whiptail lizard

2) thin-lipped and thick-lipped cichlid

preferances within behavioral isolation of sympatric speciation (3)

1) microhabitat preferances

2) food/feeding preferances

3) courtship preferences

the checkard whiptail lizard as an example of

sympatric speciation with chromosomal errors

the thin-lipped and thick-lipped cichlid as an example of

sympatric speciation with behavioral isolation

adaptive radiation definition (2)

1) multiple speciation events resulting from adaptations to available niches

2) combination of allopatric and sympatric speciation

adaptive radiation most frequent on (2)

1) island chains

2) following mass extinction events

misconception correction —> “individuals evolve” (2)

1) only heritable traits apply to evolution

2) populations evolve across generations

misconception correction —> “evolution explains the origin of life”

varied hypotheses, but not explained by evolution

misconception correction —> “humans evolved from apes”

shared distant common ancestry, but far from direct descent

misconception correction —> “organisms evolve with purpose or in response to changing enviornment” (2)

1) variation always exists within populations

2) mutation is random

depending on context, timing, and chance, random mutations can be (3)

1) deleterious

2) neutral

3) advantageous