Nursing Exam #3 Materials

Utilitarianism

Consequentialism – advocate for most people benefited by the decision made

Deontology

Rules are to be followed at all times by all individuals - An act is good or bad based in the intention and obligations

Virtue

Wisdom rather than emotional or intellectual problem solving - Analysis, review of consequences, and societal norms influence virtues

Autonomy

everyone makes their own decisions

Beneficence

do good

confidentiality

do not discuss private information

double effect

good and bad effect

fidelity

loyal/keeping a promise

justice

all persons receive equal benefit based on need

nonmaleficence

do no harm

paternalism

act as a parent - Justified when taking action if no action would be harmful than the lack of patient input

respect for property

not damaging belongings

sanctity of life

life is of the highest good

veracity

truthfulness and honesty

Responsibilities of the Patient

be truthful to healthcare providers

retain responsibility for refusal of care

follow hospital rules and regulations

considerate of others

Criminal Law

offense against society or a member of society

Civil

someone’s legal right have been violated

Tort

personal injury or damage resulting in civil action

Incident Reports

reporting system for when something goes wrong or a ‘near miss’

Consent

contract to provide acceptable services

Simple Consent

obtain permission without knowledge of procedure

Implied Consent

inferred by patient actions or would be given if patient were able (unconscious)

Expressed (explicit) Consent

clearly stated, but does not have to be written - Can be in lack of preventing action (did not refuse when told getting an x-ray)

Informed Consent

Explained in ways they understand the risks, benefits, and alternatives to whatever is being proposed - usually requires a signature

If you make an error

Report it, do not hide it

Abrasion

a scraping or rubbing away of the surface skin by friction

Cervical

of or pertaining to the neck

Concussion

brain injury caused by a blow to the head that may or may not cause unconsciousness

Debride

debridement is the removal of damaged tissue or foreign objects from a wound. It may include removal of dead tissue that prevents the wound from healing.

Fracture

a disturbance in the continuity of a bone

Hemothorax

collection of blood in the pleural cavity

Pneumothorax

accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity, resulting in collapse of the lung on the affected side

Anaphylaxis

the result of an exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction; an allergic reaction

Bradycardia

an abnormal circulatory condition in which the heart beats in a regular pattern but at a rate of less than 60 bpm

Bronchospasm

contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, causing narrowing of the lumen

Cardiac tamponade

Compression of the heart caused by fluid buildup in the pericardial sac

Diaphoresis

Profuse sweating, heavy perspiration

Life-threatening

Capable of causing death; potentially fatal

Periorbital

Relating to the periosteum of the orbit, usually of the eye

Polydipsia

increased thrist

Polyphagia

increased hunger

Polyuria

increased urination

Shock

An acute medical condition associated with a fall in blood pressure

SOB

Shortness of breath; some may prefer the term “SOA” (shortness of air), but SOA also means “seen on arrival,” “stimulus onset activity,” and several other medical terms

Syncope

fainting

Tachycardia

An abnormal condition in which the myocardium contracts at a rate greater than 100 beats per minute

Glasgow Coma Scale is used for

assessment of neurologic and cognitive functioning

Level of Consciousness Assessment

ask the patient to state name, date, address, reason for appt

Note ability to follow directions and assessment of vital signs

Shock

the body’s pathologic reaction illness, trauma, or sever physiological or emotional stress

life-threatening condition that may occur rapidly and without warning

Hypovolemic Shock

decrease in blood volume

Cardiogenic Shock

failure of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the vital organs

Neurogenic Shock

loss of sympathetic tone, causing vasodilation of peripheral vessels

Septic Shock

bacterial infection begins body immune response by releasing chemicals the increase capillary permeability and vasodilation

Distributive Shock

pooling of blood in peripheral blood vessels results in decreased venous return of blood to the heart

Anaphylactic Shock

exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction (allergic reaction) to re-exposure to an antigen

Pulmonary Embolus

occlusion of one or more pulmonary arteries by a thrombus or thrombi (blood clot)

Most common pulmonary complication of hospitalized surgical patients

Pulmonary embolism

Types of Diabetes

Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational

Type 1 Diabetes Characteristics

younger than 30 years

abrupt onset

autoimmune process destroys the insulin-producing cells

body fails to amek insulin

Type 2 Diabetes Characteristics

most common type

usually over 40 years old

gradual onset

impaired sensitivity to insulin or decreases in production of insulin

Gestational Diabetes Characterisitics

occurs in later months of pregnancy

hormones are secreted by the placenta that prevent the action of insulin

Hypoglycemia

excess amount of insulin in system

may occur if they have not have had anything to eat/drink

onset is rapid

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Insufficient insulin - liver produces more glucose

kidneys try to excrete excessma glucose

Symptoms of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, altered LOC

Diabetic Coma

not as common

more common in Type 2

caused by dehydration

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA/Stroke)

caused by occlusion of the blood supply to the brain, rupture of the blood supply to the brain, or rupture of a cerebral artery resulting in hemorrhage

How long can the brain last without oxygen

5 minutes or less before irreversible damage

Be Fast means

Balance

Eyes

Face

Arms

Speech

Time

Cardiac Arrest

when the heart ceases to beat effectively, the blood can no longer circulate throughout the body, and the person no longer has an effective pulse

Seizures

unsystematic discharge of neurons of the cerebrum that results in an abrupt alteration in brain function. Usually begins with little or no warning.

Syncope/Fainting

transient loss of consciousness, which usually results from an insufficient blood supply to the brain

Head Injury

an injury of the skull, brain, or both that requires medical attention

Adverse Reaction

an effect produced by a drug that is severe or life-threatening

Affinity

the chemical force that impels particular atoms or molecules to unite

Alternative therapies

natural plant extracts, herbs, vitamins, minerals, and therapeutic techniques, such as massage and acupuncture

Angina

a severe constricting pain or sensation in the chest that may radiate to shoulder or arm; related to coronary artery disease

Aqueous

watery

Bioavailability

physiologic availability of a given amount of a drug

Biologic

a medicine derived from living products and not chemicals

Biotransformation

the alteration of a substance/drug within the body

Clearance Rate

the amount of time it takes for a drug to leave the body

Contraindication

a situation in which a drug should not be used because it may be harmful to the patient

Dependence

reliance on a drug that may be physiologic or psychological in nature

Drug

chemical substances that are not required for normal maintenance of body function and produces biologic effect in an organism

Drug

any substance, other than food, used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or cure a disease

Enteral

withing the GI tract

First-pass effect

partial metabolism of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation

Half-life

the time it takes for the drug present in the body to be decreased by 50%

Hypertonic

the same as hyperosmolar’ when a fluid hypertonic, it creates dehydration

Indication

the basis for initiation of treatment or use of a particular drug

Intra-arterial

within the artery

Intra-articular

into the cavity of the joint

Intraosseous

contrast media can be injected into the humerus when normal IV access is not available.

Intrathecal

route of drug administration into the spinal canal (subarachnoid space)

Lipoid

pertaining to fat

Macromolecular

a molecule in a finely divided state dispersed in liquid or solid media

Medication

treatment of a disease by giving drugs

Metabolism

the process by which the body alters the chemical structure of a drug or other foreign substances

Narcotic

any drug synthetic or naturally occurring that induces a state of stuporous analgesia

Parenterally

refers to administration of a drug by penetrating the skin

Pharmocodynamics

the study of the method or mechanism of drug action on living tissues or the response of tissues to chemical agents at various sites in the body