Radiation Physics Ch. 1-4

natural science:

systematic study of the universe

physics:

science that deals with matter and energy

photon:

packet of energy

science:

organized and classified knowledge

scientific method:

systematic collection of facts, then studying the relationship between them, and then drawing a conclusion from the data

thoery:

several related laws come together to form this

how are natural processes considered science?

when the scientific method is applied to them

fundamental units:

length, mass, and time

derived units:

combinations of fundamental units

what is the SI unit for length?

meter (m)

what is the SI unit for mass?

kilogram (kg)

what is the SI unit for time?

seconds (s)

velocity:

speed in a given direction

density:

mass per unit volume

tissue density:

how tightly packed cells are

specific gravity:

ratio of the density of a material to the density of water

temperature:

measure of the average energy of motion of the molecules of matter

SI unit for temperature:

C or F

celsius to fahrenheit formula:

C = 5/9 * (F-32)

fahrenheit to celsius formula:

F = 9/5*C +32

300 × 3/5 =

180

1,000 × 0.006 =

6

3/5 + 2/5 + 4/5 =

1 4/5 OR 9/5

½ + 2/3 + 4/5 =

1 29/30 OR 59/30

9/5(40) + 32 =

104

5/9 * (77-32) =

25

16² =

256

4³ =

64

round 2.78 to the tenths place:

2.8

round 3.675 to the hundreths place:

3.68

300 = 100x

3

150 = 1/20x

3,000

0.25x = 600

2400

5/x = 25/3

0.6

10/15 = x/30

20

4/x = 100²/40²

0.64

what is 35% of 25?

8.75

if 20 is increased by 50%, what number results?

30

if 45 is decreased by 15%, what number results?

38.25

change 100 kilovolts to volts:

100,000 volts

change 0.5 seconds to milliseconds:

500 ms

change 0.06 ampres to milliampres:

60mA

change 25,000,000 bytes to megabytes:

5.25 mb

change 50 degrees F to celsius:

10 C

change 60 degrees C to F:

140 F

what is inertia:

a body at rest is to remain at rest, a body at motion will remain in motion

SI unit of force:

newton

what is work:

when a force acts upon a body over distance

what is the SI unit for work?

joules

what is the SI unit for energy?

joules

what is energy?

actual or potential ability to do work

what is kinetic energy?

energy of motion

what is potential energy?

stored energy, or energy something has because it is in a temporarily deformed state

what is energy level?

the amount of potential energy

what are different forms of energy?

chemical, electrical, light, mechanical, thermal

Rock A: On top of the hill, what type of energy does it posses?

all potential energy

Rock B: Rock is falling down, what type of energy does it posses?

potential energy is being converted into kinetic energy

what type of energy does the rock posses the split second before it hits the ground?

all kinetic energy

Rock C: Rock is now on the ground, what energy does the rock posses?

kinetic energy is converted into heat

how do energy levels move?

high to low - unless work is done

matter can’t be created or destroyed, instead what does it do?

can be changed into an equivalent form of energy

what is matter?

anything that occupies space and has inertia

what is a mixture?

impure form of matter

what is a substance?

in mixtures, any material that has a definite constant composition

what is a state?

dependant on the degree of attraction between the molecules of a substance

which state has the highest degree of attraction?

solid

which state has the lowest degree of attraction?

gas

what is a simple substance?

element, cannot be broken down into smaller substances by any ordinary means

what is the smallest particle of an element?

an atom

what is a complex substance?

2 or more elements are combined

what is the smallest particle of a compound?

molecule

what makes an atom neutral?

same number of protons as electrons

what happens when an atom is chemically stable (when it has 8 electrons in its outermost shell)?

it will not combine with other elements

what is a nucleus?

center of an atom, contains protons and neutrons and has a positive charge

what type of charge does a proton have?

positive

what type of charge does a neutron have?

neutral/no charge

what type of charge does an electron have?

negative charge

what is the shell closest to the nucleus called?

k shell, and then L, M, N etc.

what is the atomic/Z number?

number of protons, this is what makes an element unique

what is the mass/A number?

protons & neutrons

what is an isotope?

same atomic number, different mass numbers

what is the atomic weight?

average weight of all the isotopes, instead of mass #

what do the vertical groups on the periodic table show?

families (same number of electrons in their outermost shell)

what do the horizontal periods on the periodic table show?

same number of electron shells, 7 of them

what is an ionic bond?

one atom gives up an electron to another atom

what is a covalent bond?

the electron is shared between atoms

what is the atom charge if they lose an electron?

positive charge

what is the atom charge if you gain an electron?

negative charge

what is an octet?

complete valence electron, won’t combine with other elements

what is a charged atom called?

ion

list 5 ways ionization can occur:

• exposure to x-rays or gamma rays

• exposure to a stream of electrons

• spontaneous decay of nuclides

• exposure to light

• thermionic emission

given the element (207.2 Pb 82) determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons:

P: 82, E: 82, N: 125

given the element (183.9 W 74) determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons:

P: 74 E: 74 N:110

round 7.86 to the nearest tenth:

7.9

round 5.34 to the nearest tenth:

5.3

round 60.738 to the nearest hundredth:

60.74

cross multiply: 10/x * 4.5/6

13.3

cross multiply: 20/x * 3/4

26.7

cross multiply: 20/x * 40²/72²

64.8

cross multiply: 800/x * 25²/56²

4014.1