Ib Biology HL: Cell respiration: C.1.2

NAD

a coenzyme because of it’s ability to get oxidised and reduced

steps of glycolysis

• phosphorylation; energy investment phase; 2 ATP turned into 2 ADP. a phosphorus molecule renders the glucose unstable

• lysis: glucose splits in two, which part having one Pi

• oxidation (reduces NAD into NADH )

• substrate level phosphorylation; some energy is released and 4 ADP turns into 4 ATP

• net energy payoff = +2ATP, takes place in cytoplasm

lactic acid fermentation fermentation

pyruvate directly gets reduced into lactate, which allows for the NADH to get reduced back to NAD+

alcoholic fermentation

first decarboxylate the pyruvate, which release one CO2. the pyruvate is now ethanal. then the ethanal gets reduced into ethanol, oxidising the NADH into NAD

link reaction

after glycolisis, occurs in matrix of mitochondria

• oxidative decarboxylation

• gets oxidised by NADH, and reacts with Coenzyme CoA, producing Acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide

krebs cycle, citric acid cycle

• oxaloacete ( 4C ) reacts with Acetyl CoA, produces citrate ( 6C )

• oxidative decarboxilation: gets oxidised by NAD, and a CoA is produced, wwhich goes back to link reaction. leaved a 5C intermedicate

• another oxidative decarboxilation ( same as before ), but one ATP is produced. 4C intermediate remains

• gets Oxidised by FAD, then by NAD again, and come back to Oxaloacetate

the electron transport chain

• two electrons produced in glycolysis, the link reactions or kreb cycle get put in the EC chain. They are excited electrons.

• NADH and FADH get oxidised, and leave the hydrogen Ions in the matrix. the excited electrons make the cytochrome complex, and hydrogen ions are pumped in the inter membrane space..

• that makes a concentration gradient. through Chemiosmosis, the hydrogen ions go through ATP synthase and phosphorylate ADP.

• the hydrogen that arrive in the matrix react with oxygen and make water to maintain concentration gradient

• about 3 atp is produced per reduced NAD, and 2 per FAD

• the membrane is in the inner mitochondrial membrane

chemoautotropsjs

oxidation of non-organic molecules, in unhospital conditions, eg sewers, geothermal vents

biomass

dry mass of organisms

pyramid of biomass advantages or disadvantages

gram m^-2

good

• takes into account mass

bad

• doesn’t take account of variation around year

• some of the mass doesn’t get used up

pyramud of energy

kcal m^-2 yr^-1;

takes into account year on year variation

always are pyramid shapes