Protocols and Models in Communications Fundamentals

Network Size

Networks can vary in size and complexity.

Communication Agreement

Devices must agree on communication methods.

Communication Elements

Includes source, destination, and channel.

Protocols

Rules governing how communications occur.

Sender

Identified source of the communication.

Receiver

Identified destination of the communication.

Channel

Media providing the path for communication.

Message Encoding

Converts messages into bits for transmission.

Message Formatting

Structures messages for proper interpretation.

Message Size

Defines the maximum size of messages.

Message Timing

Regulates the timing of message delivery.

Flow Control

Manages data transmission rates and limits.

Response Timeout

Duration a device waits for a reply.

Access Method

Determines when messages can be sent.

Collisions

Occurs when multiple devices send traffic simultaneously.

Delivery Options

Methods for delivering messages across networks.

Network Protocols

Common rules for communication in networks.

Protocol Functions

Each protocol has a specific function.

Protocol Format

Defines how protocols are structured.

Protocol Implementation

Protocols can be implemented in software or hardware.

Protocol Interaction

Networks require multiple protocols to function.

Common Language

Protocols require a shared language for communication.

Protocol

Set of rules for data communication.

Protocol Suite

Group of inter-related protocols for communication.

Network Protocol Suite

Protocols specifically designed for network communication.

TCP/IP

Open standard protocol suite for internet communication.

Application Layer

Layer where user applications interact with the network.

Transport Layer

Layer responsible for end-to-end communication.

Internet Layer

Layer that routes packets across networks.

LAN Protocols

Protocols for local area network communication.

Ethernet

Common LAN protocol using wired connections.

WLAN

Wireless LAN protocol for wireless communication.

Encapsulation

Wrapping data with protocol information for transmission.

De-encapsulation

Removing protocol information from received data.

Standards Organizations

Groups promoting open standards for interoperability.

Open Standards

Standards that promote interoperability and competition.

Vendor-neutral

Not favoring any specific vendor or product.

Non-profit Organizations

Organizations that do not operate for profit.

Interoperability

Ability of systems to work together seamlessly.

Innovation

Introduction of new ideas or methods in technology.

Communication Process

Steps involved in data exchange between devices.

Internet Society (ISOC)

Promotes open development and evolution of internet.

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

Manages and develops internet standards.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Develops and maintains internet and TCP/IP technologies.

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)

Focuses on long-term research for internet protocols.

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

Coordinates IP address allocation and domain name management.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

Manages IP address allocation and protocol identifiers.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Creates standards in power, healthcare, and telecommunications.

Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

Develops standards for electrical wiring and connectors.

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

Creates communication standards for radio and VoIP devices.

International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

Defines standards for video compression and broadband communications.

Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model

A layered model for explaining network operations.

TCP/IP Reference Model

A model describing internet protocol suite operations.

Layered Model Benefits

Simplifies complex network concepts and operations.

Protocol Design Assistance

Layered models help define protocol interfaces.

Vendor Competition Facilitation

Layered models allow interoperability among different vendors.

Technology Independence

Changes in one layer don't affect others.

Common Networking Language

Layered models provide terminology for networking functions.

Data Encapsulation

Process of segmenting messages into smaller units.

Segmenting Messages

Breaking messages into smaller, manageable parts.

Broadband Communications Standards

Standards for DSL and other high-speed internet technologies.

Video Compression Standards

Protocols for reducing video file sizes.

Multiplexing

Interleaving multiple data streams together.

Data Encapsulation

Adding protocol information to data.

Segmenting Messages

Dividing messages for speed and efficiency.

Sequencing Messages

Numbering segments for proper reassembly.

Protocol Data Unit (PDU)

Data unit with different names at each layer.

Data Stream

Initial form of data before segmentation.

Segment

Data unit after message segmentation.

Packet

Data unit encapsulated for network transmission.

Frame

Data unit for data link layer transmission.

Bit Stream

Raw binary representation of data.

De-encapsulation

Process of removing protocol information from data.

Network Layer

Responsible for IP packet delivery.

Data Link Layer

Delivers frames between network interface cards.

Source IP Address

IP address of the sending device.

Destination IP Address

IP address of the receiving device.

Network Portion

Indicates the network group of an IP address.

Host Portion

Identifies a specific device within a network.

Same Network Devices

Same network portion in IP addresses.

MAC Address

Unique identifier for network interface cards.

Data Link Frame

Encapsulated data for transmission over Ethernet.

Addressing

Method to deliver data from source to destination.

IP Packet

Encapsulated data unit used in network layer.

MAC Address

Physically embedded address in Ethernet NIC.

Local Addressing

Addressing method used within a local network.

Data Link Layer

Layer responsible for node-to-node data transfer.

Source Address

Address of the sender in a data frame.

Destination Address

Address of the intended recipient in a data frame.

Default Gateway

Router IP for accessing remote networks.

Router

Device that forwards data between networks.

Frame

Data packet at the Data Link Layer.

Segment

Part of data transfer between two nodes.

Ethernet NIC

Network Interface Card for Ethernet connections.

Remote Network

Network located outside the local network.

Layer 3

Network layer responsible for routing data.

Layer 2

Data link layer managing local addressing.

PC1

Example source device in the notes.

Web Server

Example destination device in the notes.

Router 1

First router in the data transmission path.