Endocrine system

endocrine system

collection glands/organs

produce regulation hormone in bloodstream to control body functions

endocrine overlap/responsibilities

overlap w/ nervous and exocrine

metabolism, growth, sexual dev

regulatory molecules

hormone

neurohormone

pheromone

hormone

stimulate Gr

reg. chem secreted by endocrine gland into blood/organ exhibiting

neurohormone

hormone secreted by neuron to blood

dopamine

pheromone

carry Gr

communication messengers, outside body sensing

paracrine

near Gr

signal between cell

reg. molecule work w/o transmitted by blood

prostaglandins

4 chemical categories

polypeptide

amines

glycoprotein

steroids

adrenals

cortex

medulla

prostaglandins

diverse group

reg. of: reproductive, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, urinary, immune

polypeptides

short chain amino acid

insulin/ ADH

amines

derived from tyrosine/ tryptophan

epinephrine/ norepinephrine/ melatonin

glycoprotein

longer 100 AA w/ carb

FSH/ LH

steroids

lipid derived cholesterol

steroid sex, steroid corticosteroid

steroid sex

testosterone, estradiol, progesterone

testes, ovary, placenta.

steroid corticosteroid

adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone)

reg. glucose/ salt

posterior pituitary gland

store/ release: antidiuretic, oxytocin hormone

anterior pituitary gland

produce hormone secretes

growth hormone GH

anterior pituitary gland

stimulate muscle/ bone growth

adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

reg. glucose homeostasis

anterior pituitary gland

thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH

anterior pituitary gland

stimulate production thyroxin

luteinizing hormone LH

anterior pituitary gland

ovulation/ testosterone production in testes

follicle-stimulating hormone

FSH

dev. ovarian follicle/ sperm

anterior pituitary gland

prolactin PRL

anterior pituitary gland

stimulate mammary gland (milk)

melanocyte-stimulating hormone MSH

anterior pituitary gland

synthesis/ dispersion of melanin pigment

thyroid gland

thyroxine

help set basal metabolic rate

stimulate rate cell respiration

parathyroid gland

4 small glands

produce parathyroid hormone

parathyroid hormone

survival, stimulate osteoclast, dissolve calcium phosphate crystal, release Ca in blood

adrenal cortex

corticosteroids hormone

cortisol

cortisol

adrenal cortex

maintain glucose homeostasis, modulate aspect immune response

adrenal medulla

recieve neural input from axons of sympathetic division of autonomic NS

secrete epinephrine/ norepinephrine

islets of langerhans

B cell: secrete insulin, lower blood glucose

a cell: secrete glucagon, raise blood glucose

antagonistic

pancreas

secrete bicarbonate ions and variety digestive enzyme to small intestine

islet of langerhan

ovaries, testes

produce androgen

secondary sex characteristic

pineal gland

3rd eye, seat of soul

melatonin

negative feedback

maintain relatively constant level of target cell hormone

positive feedback

cannot maintain constancy internal env.

lipophilic

hormone enters cells

fat-soluble, pass through membrane easily

bind to intracellular receptor protein, form hormone-receptor complex, move to DNA turn genes on/off, affects function of target cell

lipophobic

do not enter cell

water-soluble, cannot pass through membrane

bind to receptor outside of membrane, activate signal pathway inside cell

major endocrine glands

pituitary gland, hang from hypothalamus

master gland

posterior pituitary gland hormones

ADH: help retain water

Oxytocin: causes uterine contraction, milk ejection

produced by hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary

anterior pituitary

hormone made/ secreted in response to hormone from hypothalamus

hypothalamus uses special blood vessel system

thyrotropin, corticotropin, gonadotrophin releasing hormone (TRH, CRH, GnRH)

blood vessel system

hypophyseal portal system

communicate anterior pituitary

regulation thyroxine secretion

thyroxine T4

The hypothalamus releases T4, tells the anterior pituitary to release TSH, and tells the thyroid to release T4, T4 high—shut off and release negative feedback

blood Ca level regulation

calcium level in blood tight controlled

blood Ca low: parathyroid gland release to bone breakdown, increase Ca absorption

blood Ca high: thyroid release calcitonin, bone formation, increases excretion