Dofka Dental Terminology Chapter 8

Hypokinetic

high tolerance for pain

hyperkinetic

low tolerance for pain

anxiety abatement

control of emotional and stress factors through psychological methods

relaxation methods

guided imagery; suggestions of happy times, relaxing places; patient thoughts dwell on suggested happy thoughts or scenes

Deep breathing exercises

patient concentrates on breathing and muscle movement; oxygenates blood stream and brain oxygen supply

distraction techniques

discuss patient hobbies, family, and accomplishments to divert attention from dental treatment

biofeedback principles

use of memory, reasoning, judgment, and perception applied to uncomfortable situations; patient concentrates on reducing tension progressively from toe to head with relaxing suggestions

cognitive behavioral therapy

a psychotherapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes. It combines cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy techniques.

conscious sedation

relaxation of mental and physical distress without loss of consciousness

pre-medication

medicine to depress the central nervous system prior to treatment

Benzodiazepines

Xanax, Valium, Ativa, Librium, Halcion, and Serax

Barbiturates

Nembutal Surital, Seconal, Amytal, Luminal, and Mbaral

hypnotic

chloral hydrate, equanil

TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation)

device to send small electrical impulses to nerve endings to block pain signals. Electrodes are applied to selected spots on the patients head while the patient holds an activator. When distressed the patient pushes the hand control which signals the electrode to give off small sensations that confuse the nerve endings from carrying pain messages to the brain.

alagesia

relaxation and sedation without loss of consciousness by inhalation of a combination of nitrous oxide and oxygen gas. A smaller concentration formula will permit sedation, and the same gases in stronger concentrations will cause loss of consciousness and general anesthesia.

acetaminophens

carefully used in proper doses as an aspirin replacement for young children and adults

antipyretic

reduces fever

salicylate

used an an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory; may be helpful in preventing myocardial infarction enteric-coated or with buffer chemicals added to reduce upset stomach

non steroid anti-inflammatory drug

NSAID Ibuprofen, Advil, Motrin, naproxen, Naprosyn, anaprox

examples of narcotic or opioid drugs

Morphine, Methadon, Dolophine, Meperidine, Demerol, Dihydromorphinone, Dilaudid, oxycodone, Percodan, percocet, Roxipin, Tylox Pentazocine, Talwin, Codeine, Empirin 3, Propoxyphene, Darvon

local anesthetics

is given while the patient is fully conscious, blocks nerve endings from sending pain signals

topical analgesia

application of topical anesthetics to pain sites, to minor operative procedure areas, and to places about to receive injections

local anesthesia

Loss of sensation at the desired site of action.

infiltration anesthesia

directed into the tissue near the nerve ending of the operative site; used for minor treatment, root planning, gingivectomy and some tissue surgery.

regional or field anesthesia

around the nerve ending for anesthesia of a block of two or three teeth apices

block anesthesia

injection into a nerve bundle to enable anesthesia to a wider area, such as the mandibular quadrant of teeth or palatal into the palate

intraosseous

directly injected into the bone marrow used to provide fluids and medications when intravenous access is not available

Interpulpal

injecting directly into the pulp chamber using a long needle

intraligamentory

also called periodontal ligament injection; done mainly in the mandibular arch for one or two teeth in the same quadrant. The needle is placed into the sulcus along the long axis of the tooth using a pressure syringe

eletronic-controlled local anesthesia

computer-controlled anesthetic delivery system

anesthetic syringe

two types- plain and aspirating

bevel

the slanted surface at the tip of a needle

lumen

hole in needle for solution to pass through

carpule

glass vial container for anesthetic solution, also called cartridge

anesthetic solution

two types

ester

alcohol based solution

amide

water based solution

Vascoconstrictor

Type of drug that constricts blood vessels; used to prolong anesthetic action.

allergy

reation to the anesthesia

anaphylactic shock

a reaction to the medication, delivery, or amount of anesthesia

hermatoma

blood swelling or bruising

trismus

grating or tonic contracting of the jaw or muscle rigidity

paresthesia

abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause after anesthesia has worn off

Common local anesthetics

Lidocaine, Benzocaine, Tetracaine, Procaine, Propocycaine, Mepivacaine, Bupivacaine, Prilocaine

Four stages of anesthesia

- stage I : analgesia

- stage II : excitement

- stage III : surgical anesthesia

- stage IV : Medullary paralysis

hypoxia

Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood

Malignant Hyperthermia (MH)

reaction that causes high fever, muscle rigidity, and fluctuation of heart and blood pressure rates

anesthesia unit

equipment that receives and delivers gases by means of tubing and regulation devices to control anesthetic flow

pressure gauges

indicate the amount of gas pressure present within the cylinder tanks

regulators

control the amount of gases coming from the central supply

flowmeters

control the amount of gas from the anesthesia unit to the patient

nasal mask

placed over patients nose to present gas into the body

reservoir bag

may be used for hand-forced induction pressure of gases and a monitor to observe patient breathing rate and force

blood pressure equipment

stethoscope and sphygmomanometer

emergency tray

a tray or box containing syringes and equipment necessary to deliver drugs or medicines for medical emergencies

emergency plans and numbers

emergency transportation and phone numbers

defibrillator

mechanical device used to restore heart contractions

oximeter

monitoring equipment used to determine oxygen saturation in the blood

patient records and history

current records of patient with history and condition

absorption

process in which fluids are trasferred from the administration site by the circulating body fluids

distribution

process of dividing and delivering teh absorbed drug to the desired site

metabolism

process of physical and chemical changes that enable the body to use the drug

excretion

process of elimination of waste products from the body

adverse effect

response to a medication that is not intended or desired because it is too intense, too weak, toxic, possibly allergic

addiction

compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences

anaphylaxis

Life threatening allergic reaction

antagonism

opposite orr contrary action of a drug

drug interaction

effect resulting from the combination of two or more drugs at one time

idiosyncrasy

unusual or abnormal response to a drug

intolerance

inability of the body to endure a drug or the incapacity of a drug to achieve a desired effect because of long term use

overdose

effect from excessive drug dosage

side effect

reaction from a drug that is not the desired treatment outcome

secondary effect

an indirect effect or consequence resulting from drug action

synergism

the harmonious action of two drugs producing a desired effect

teratogenic

drug effects on a fetus

anti-infective drug

an agent that combats or destroys infections

two classes of anti-infective

prophylactic and therapeutic

Topical antibiotics

applied to the skin at the infection site

antiviral drugs

Agents that act against viruses

antifungal drugs

agents that destroy or hamper the growth or multiplication of fungi

cardiovascular drugs

agents employed for treatment of a variety of diseases of the heart and blood vessels