English test review

Plot

 The sequence of events in a story is called the plot. A plot focuses on a central conflict or problem that the main character faces.

Exposition

provides important background information and introduces the setting and the important characters.

Rising action

the stage in a plot in which the conflict develops

Climax

 The climax is the turning point and the moment of greatest suspense

Falling action 

shows how the main character resolves the conflict.

Resolution

reveals the final outcome

Internal conflict 

Internal conflict is a conflict that occurs within a character’s mind

External conflict

External conflict is a clash between a character and an outside force

whats examples of External conflict

• Character vs. Character 

• Character vs. Nature 

• Character vs. Society

Foreshadowing

 Foreshadowing is a writer’s use of hints or clues to suggest events that will occur later in a story.

Flashback

A flashback is an account of a conversation, an episode, or an event that happened before the beginning of a story.

Suspense

 is the excitement or tension that readers feel as they wait to find out how a story ends or how a conflict is resolved.

Theme

A theme, or central idea, is an underlying message about life or human nature that a writer wants the reader to understand. It is a perception about life or human nature that the writer shares with the reader.

moral

is a lesson taught in a literary work. (Note: There are times when the theme of the story is a moral, but generally speaking, the theme and moral of a story are different.)

Characterization

The way a writer creates and develops characters’ personalities

Direct Characterization

The writer makes direct comments about a character’s personality or nature through the voice of the narrator.

Indirect Characterization

The writer indicates or shows what a character's personality is like through descriptions of their actions, speech, appearance, and interactions with other characters.

Characters

Characters are individuals who participate in the action of a literary work.

Protagonist

A protagonist is the main character in a work of literature

Antagonist

 An antagonist is a principal character or force in opposition to a protagonist, or main character. 

Dynamic Character

undergoes important changes as the plot unfolds.

Static Character

who remains the same throughout a story

Round Character

is one who is complex and highly developed, having a variety of traits and different sides to his or her personality.

Flat Character

A flat character is a one-sided character: he or she usually has one outstanding trait, characteristic, or role.

Point of View

 Point of view refers to the method of narration used in a short story, novel, narrative, poem, or work of nonfiction.

First-Person Point of View

The narrator is a character in the story. refures to as I or Me

Second-Person Point of View

The story is told by a narrator who addresses the reader or some other assumed “you.”

Third-Person Point of View

The narrator is not one of the characters.  The narrator uses pronouns such as he, she, and they. 

Third-Person Omniscient

This is an all-knowing point of view. The narrator sees into the minds of all the characters. 

Third-Person Limited

The narrator focuses on the thoughts, feelings, and observations of one character. 

Irony

Irony is a contrast between what is expected to happen and what actually occurs.

Situational Irony

When a character or the reader expects one thing to happen but something else happens instead.  

Verbal Irony

When what is said is the opposite of what is meant.

Dramatic Irony

When what a character knows contrasts with what the audience knows. Usually, the audience knows something the character does not know.

Imagery

 Imagery consists of descriptive words and phrases that recreate sensory experiences for the reader. Imagery usually appeals to one or more of the five senses -sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch

Simile

A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things, using the words like or as. 

Metaphor

A metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that have something in common. Unlike similes, metaphors do not contain the words like or as, but make comparisons directly.

Personification

Personification is a figure of speech in which human qualities are given to an object, animal, or idea. 

Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which the truth is exaggerated for emphasis or humorous effect. 

Allusion

An allusion is an indirect reference to a famous person, place, event, or literary work.

Symbol/Symbolism

 A symbol is a person, place, object, or activity that stands for something beyond itself.

Mood

Mood is the feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader.

Tone

Tone is the attitude a writer takes toward a subject.

list stage of plot in order

1. Exposition

2. Rising Action

3. Climax

4. Falling Action

5. Resolution

whats the difrence beetween mood and tone

tone-How the writer or speaker feels about the topic, characters, or events.

mood-The overall feeling or vibe of a piece of writing.

Dynamic character vs. Static character

a dynamic character undergoes a significant internal change in their beliefs, personality, or worldview by the end of a story, while a static character remains largely the same