1 History-EM Spectrum

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37 Terms

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Discovery of X-rays
X-rays were discovered on November 8, 1895 by Dr. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.
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How X-rays were discovered
Accidental discovery when Roentgen observed fluorescence from platinocyanide-covered cardboard in his lab.
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Fluorescence
Emission of visible light from a material when exposed to radiation such as X-rays.
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First radiograph
Mrs. Roentgen’s hand with a 15-minute exposure.
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Nobel Prize in 1901
Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of X-rays.
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Public reaction to X-rays
They were viewed as a novelty.
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Importance of radiography
Important to medical sciences for diagnosis and therapy.
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What is energy?
The capacity to do work.
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Forms of energy
Mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, electromagnetic.
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Type of energy X-rays are
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
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Do X-rays behave like waves or particles?
Both; X-rays have wave-particle duality.
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High-energy X-ray behavior
More photon-like.
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Low-energy X-ray behavior
More wave-like.
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How X-rays move
In waves with wavelength and frequency.
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Wavelength-frequency relationship
Inversely related; as wavelength increases, frequency decreases.
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Photon
A small bundle of electromagnetic energy.
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X-ray interaction with matter
X-rays behave more like particles.
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Wavelength definition
Distance between two crests or troughs; one full wave cycle.
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Unit of wavelength in radiography
Angstrom (Å).
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1 Angstrom equals
0.1 nm = 10⁻⁹ m = 10⁻¹⁰ m.
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Radiographic X-ray wavelength range
0.1 to 1.0 Å.
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Frequency definition
Number of cycles passing a point per second.
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Frequency unit
Hertz (Hz).
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High-energy EMR
High frequency and low wavelength.
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Speed of electromagnetic radiation
186,000 miles per second.
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First known X-ray damage
Observed in 1898.
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First biological damage
Erythema of the skin from high doses of X-rays.
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ALARA
Keep radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
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ALARA applies to
Occupational exposures, but also to patients.
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Dose optimization
Use radiation appropriate to the exam and avoid unnecessary exposure.
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Three principles of radiation protection
Minimize time, maximize distance, use shielding.
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Limit exposure field
Use collimation to limit radiation to the area of interest.
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Choosing kVp and mAs
Choose the lowest values that still produce a diagnostic image.
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Avoid duplicate exams
Prevents unnecessary radiation exposure.
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Screen for pregnancy
To prevent fetal exposure to radiation.
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Mental checklist
Use a consistent procedure checklist for safety and accuracy.