CBIO 2200 EXAM 1

What does a macromolecule have; explain why carbon is the foundation of macromolecules

Carbon and functional group; it's common, 4 valence electrons, forms covalent bonds, binds readily to other carbon atoms

another term for macromolecule

organic compounds

what are the 4 classes of macromolecules

protein, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids

what is the structure of carbs

carbon backbone, 2:1 hydrogen and oxygen

size terms of carbs

mono, di, oligo, poly saccharides

function of carbs

almost immediate use of energy, short term energy storage

glucose is a .... used in almost immediate energy use

monosaccharide

glycogen is a...used in short term energy storage

polysaccharide

lipids structure

many carbon and hydrogens, little oxygen atoms

lipid classes

fatty acids (long term energy storage), phospholipids (form cell membrane), steroids: hormones (signaling)

nucleic acid structure

nucleotides, DNA, RNA

nucleic acid function

immediate energy use, stores genetic info

what is a nucleotide composed of

phosphate group (more\= more energy), 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), Nitrogenous base (adamine, cytosine, guannaine, thymine, or uracil)

type of nucleotide

ATP

function of ATP

immediate energy, 3 phosphate group (3rd one break\= lots energy)\= body use 88 pounds per day

what are proteins composed of (the monomer)

amino acids

what's the structure of amino acids

amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), central carbon, functional group (R)

function of protein (many)

structure, movement, cell signaling

what's the polymer of protein and made of a lot of amino acids

polypeptides

what is a polymer bound by

peptide bonds

how is a peptide bond formed

dehydration synthesis reaction of NH2 and COOH to form carbon and nitrogen bond

1st level of protein structure

the primary-sequence of amino acids

2nd level of protein structure

secondary- collection of small folded shapes; alpha helix or beta pleated

3rd level of protein structure

* tertiary- 3D shape
* determined by R group= determine protein function

Denaturization

loses tertiary structure because of heat/ acid\= lose function

4th level of protein structure

quaternary- 2+ polypeptide chains, not common

what are macromolecules made of (the building blocks)

monomers

monomer facts (3)

smaller group of atoms, exist independently, binds with other monomers to make a big macromolecule

Macromolecule sizes

monomer (1), dimer (2), oligomer (3-10), polymer (lrg grp)

what is dehydration synthesis

- chemical reaction that binds monomers, releases H2O when reacting, many form polymers

what is hydrolysis

opposite of dehydration synthesis; adding H2O breaks the bond

what is an enzyme (2)

class of protein and starts chemical reactions and make them happen faster

lower activation energy

initial energy needed for chem reaction to start

what happens when activation energy is lowered

fastens the process of reaction

structure of enzyme

3D active site that binds to substrate

what is a substrate

molecule in chemical reaction an enzyme catalyzes

how many substrates does an active site bind with at once

1

substrate binds in active site

enzyme-substrate complex

what happens when the reaction occurs

forms products

what happens when the product doesn't fit active site

released product

how often can enzymes be a catalyzer

over and over

describe the cell shape for squamous(1), cubodial(2), columnar(3)

1. flat, thin scale like
2. cube shaped, square
3. columnar= tall

describe: polygonal(1), stellate(2), spheroidal(3)

1. many sides/ irregular angles
2. star like
3. sphere shaped, circular/ oval/ round

describe: discoid(1), fusiform(2), fibrous(3)

1. disc shape
2. spindle like, thick middle with sides tapered
3. thread like

why are cells small

because they need high surface level and little volume ratio

why do cells need high surface levels

so they can communicate with outside world; exchange material with other cells

does volume or SA inc faster

volume

composition of plasma membrane

79% phospholipids, 19% choleterol, 2% membrane protein

focus of plasma membrane

seperates intra and extra cellular fluid

phospholipids are amphipathic, what does that mean

they are both hydrophobic (tail) and hydrophilic (head)

what is hydrophobic head made from; hydrophilic?

phobic: glycerol and phosphate; philic\= 2 fatty acids

symmetry of charges for hydro- phobic and philic

phobic: high symmetry (non polar); philic: low symmetry (polar)

how many layers of phospholipids

2 (bilayer)

describe how phospholipids look

heads (polar) out in fluid and tails (nonpolar) inside

glycolipids

carb attachment to the lipid

cholesterols (lipid) role in the plasma membrane

speresed in phospholipids; affects the fluidity

how is the movement like in the membrane

the parts and whole membrane is consistanly moving

cholesterol and fluidity relationship

high chole\= high mvmt; low\= low mvmt

what does plasma protein have

glycoproteins

what is on the glycoprotein and purpose (carb)

glycocalyx; gives protection and identification

types of membrane proteins (aka plasma proteins)

receptors, channel proteins, carrier proteins

what are receptors

receptor site that binds to a ligand for cell communication

what is a ligand and hoe many ligands per receptor

chemical used for signaling; 1

what is a second messenger system and the effect

ligand binding to receptor site leads to release of many second messengers inside the cell; increases signaling effect even more

channel protein function

lets smaller molecules pass in and out

what type of channels are in the channel protein and what do they do

leak channel\= always open; gated channel\= open/ closes (o/c)

what types of gated channels are there and what do they do

ligand gated\= o/c when ligand binds; voltage gated\= o/c when charge across membrane changes; mechanical: o/c due to physical force

purpose of carrier protein

transport smaller molecules across plasma membrane

process of carrier protein

1. molecule binds to site in the carrier protein
2. carrier protein changes shape
3. molecule released to other side

what do the pumps of carrier proteins need and why

ATP to move molecules up conecentration gradient

what is the pump called and what does it do

sodium potassium pump; pumps 3 sodiums out and 2 potassium in

another name for sodium potassium pump

sodium potassium ATPase

what type of permeability does membrane transport have

selective

what is the membrane transport permeable/ not to

not\= proteins and ions that need to be kept in/ out; permeable\= nutrients and waste needed to be kept in/ out

true or false: cells need homeostasis internally

true

what does the transport membrane allow

movement of molecules that needs to be exchanged with extracellular fluid

what are the 2 types of membrane transport

passive and active transport

passive transport function and how much energy does it require

molecules move through diffusion down the concentration gradient; no energy required

2 types of passive diffusion

simple and facilitated

what is simple diffusion and what goes through it

movement of molecules directly through phospholipids; deals with lipids and gasses

What is facilitated diffusion

movement down the concentration gradient using carrier or channel proteins

what is osmosis and how is the gradient like

diffusion of water; moves from high water (low solute) to low water (high solute)

3 types of tonicity and what happens

hypotonic (less solute concen than ICF so water rushes in); hypertonic (greater solute concen than the ICF so water leaves cell); isotonic (equal solute concen so no net fluid mvmt)

what does active transport require and do

carrier protein and ATP; molecule moves up the gradient

what are the 2 types of active transport

primary and secondary active transport

what is primary active transport and give example

movement of molecule using ATP directly; ex\=NA-K pump, ATP helps change the shape of binding

what is secondary transport

movement of molecule using ATP indirectly

the process of cotransporter in secondary active transport

mole a move down the gradient while mole b move up (a powers b); mole a gradient created by primary active transport

example of secondary active transport

SGLT (sodium glucose transporter); Na move down gradient while glucose move up while both enter the cell

why does sodium have a gradient in SGLT

Sodium has a concentration gradient because the Na-K Pump uses ATP to pump it out of the cell

Definition of Anatomy

anatomy- study of structure

definition of physiology

phys- study of function

what does form follows function mean

structure determines how something will function

how many things does a nonliving thing have to miss in the chracteristics of life to not be living

1

what are the characteristics of life

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, reproduction, evolution

what is organization and metabolism

\-organization= more complex structures

\-metabolism= all chemical reactions of the body, energy used for cellular function

what is responsiveness and development

\-responsiveness= ability to sense changes/ react

\-development= changes in organism

what is the difference between growth and differentiation

growth= diff in size/ number of cells

differentiation= change of cells from general to specialized

what is reproduction and homeostasis and evolution

\-reproduction- produce new cells/ organisms

\-homeostasis= ability to maintain

\-evolution= changes over generation (caused by genetic mutations/ survival of the fittest)

human hierarchy of complexity( simple to most complex)

1. atoms,
2. molecules,
3. macromolecules,
4. organelles,
5. cells,
6. tissues,
7. organs,
8. organ systems,
9. organism