Chapter 3: Settling the Northern Colonies

Puritan

A member of a group that wanted to purify the Anglican Church by eliminating all traces of Roman Catholicism.

Pilgrim

A member of a Separatist group that fled England to escape persecution, eventually founding Plymouth Colony.

Anglican Church

The Church of England, formed by Elizabeth I after her father, King Henry VII, broke with the Roman Catholic Church.

Mayflower Compact

An agreement for self-governance signed by the Pilgrims upon landing outside the colonial charter in 1620.

Plymouth Colony

The second permanent English colony in North America, founded by Pilgrims in 1620.

Massachusetts Bay Company

A joint-stock enterprise established in 1629 for the purpose of colonizing New England.

John Winthrop

The first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, associated with the idea of a 'City upon a hill'.

Freemen

Adult males who belong to the Puritan Church and had the right to vote in Massachusetts.

Roger Williams

An extreme Separatist who founded Providence, Rhode Island, advocating for the separation of church and state.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan dissenter who taught that worshippers needed neither the church nor its ministers to interpret the Bible.

Pequot War

A conflict in 1637 between the Pequot tribe and English colonists that resulted in a devastating massacre of Native Americans.

King Philip’s War

A conflict that lasted from 1675 to 1676 between Native Americans, led by Metacom, and English settlers.

New England Confederation

A defensive alliance formed in 1642 between four colonies to address intercolonial problems and threats.

Navigation Acts

Laws that restricted colonial trade to benefit England and limited commerce with foreign nations.

Andros Promotes the First American Revolution

Sir Edmond Andros enforced Navigation Acts and centralized authority in New England, leading to colonial unrest.

Glorious Revolution

The events of 1688 that led to the overthrow of King James II, resulting in the establishment of William and Mary's rule.

Salutary Neglect

An unofficial policy of relaxed enforcement of regulations in the colonies, allowing for economic autonomy.

New Netherland

A 17th-century Dutch colony that included parts of present-day New York, known for its diverse population.

Pennsylvania

A colony founded by William Penn, promoting Quaker principles of equality, cooperation, and religious toleration.

Quakers

A religious group advocating for pacifism, equality, and freedom of worship, closely associated with Pennsylvania.

Duke of York

James II's brother who received control of New Netherland, later renamed New York.

Providence

The colony founded by Roger Williams in Rhode Island, known for its religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Pilgrims' Independence

Separatists who left the Church of England to create their own independent congregations.

Civic officials in Puritan society

Members of the Puritan church who believed they were God's chosen and enforced religious laws.

Importance of Family in Puritan life

The Puritans arrived as families and placed significant emphasis on family values and community oversight.

Tensions in Colonial Trade

Resentment from colonial merchants over trade restrictions, leading to smuggling and conflict with English authorities.

Mercantilism

An economic policy aimed at accumulating wealth through trade regulations and maintaining a favorable balance of trade.

Conflict with Native Americans

Frequent wars and land disputes between English colonists and Native American tribes, such as the Pequot and Wampanoag.

Banning of Anne Hutchinson

Hutchinson was banished from Puritan Massachusetts for her teachings that contradicted church doctrine.

Economic disparities in the Chesapeake

The colonial economy characterized by large plantations and a significant use of forced labor.

Puritan laws against social sins

Legal prohibitions against behaviors such as drunkenness, swearing, theft, and idleness in Puritan communities.

'City upon a Hill' concept

A phrase used by John Winthrop to describe how the Puritan colony should serve as a model for others.

Freemen's voting rights

In Massachusetts Bay, all adult males in the Puritan Church were granted the right to vote.

Diversity in New Netherland

A colony that attracted settlers of various ethnic backgrounds, including Dutch, Germans, and Africans.

Conflict resolution with Native Americans

William Penn established courts involving both colonists and Native Americans to settle disputes amicably.

The role of religion in Puritan government

Civic officials, being Puritan members, were believed to enforce God's will through governance.

Roger Williams' views on land ownership

He argued that settlers had no right to land unless it was purchased from Native Americans.

Royal charter significance

Charters granted by the crown allowed colonies like Massachusetts Bay to self-govern under royal oversight.

Role of women in Puritan society

Women were vital to the family unit but had limited legal rights and were primarily seen in domestic roles.

Quaker equality principles

Quakers believed in equality for all individuals, including racial and gender equality.

Patriarchal nature of Puritan society

Society was largely dominated by men, with women often following their husband's authority.

Civic pride in Puritan communities

Puritan towns often took pride in communal moral standards, maintaining religious discipline.

Religious persecution in England

Puritans faced significant oppression and discrimination in England, prompting their migration to the New World.

Impact of tobacco on colonial economy

Tobacco became a major cash crop that drove the economy in Chesapeake colonies.

Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay relationship

Plymouth Colony was eventually incorporated into the larger Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Persecution of dissenters

Colonies often persecuted those who challenged religious norms or governance, such as Hutchinson and Williams.

Traditional Puritan worship

Emphasized direct personal relationship with God without intermediaries like priests.

Significance of education in Puritan life

Puritans valued education for interpreting the Bible, leading to the establishment of schools.

Loyalty to England during colonies' growth

Colonial growth relied on continued loyalty to England amidst emerging local governance.

The Dutch West India Company

A chartered company that played a crucial role in Dutch colonial expansion and trade.

Political climate in New England

Despite being non-democratic, Puritan political structures allowed more widespread participation than in England.

Wampanoag involvement in King Philip's War

Led by Metacom, the Wampanoag tribe organized an alliance against the English settlers.

Consequences of King Philip's War

The war resulted in severe losses for Native Americans and the end of their power in southeastern New England.

Colonial towns and self-governance

New England towns practiced self-governance through town meetings and voting.

Cultural life in Pennsylvania

A mix of diverse practices due to the settlement of various ethnic groups seeking religious freedom.

Inciting events of the Glorious Revolution in America

Colonists reacted to Andros' rule with a bloodless rebellion after learning of events in England.

Slavery's introduction in Pennsylvania

Though Quaker principles initially resisted slavery, it eventually became a part of the economy.

Conflict resolution mechanisms

Colonial laws often adapted to handle disputes between settlers and Native Americans peacefully.

Environmental differences of colonies

New England's cold, rocky terrain contrasted with the Chesapeake's hot, marshy environment, shaping economies.

Role of families in New England settlements

Puritan migration often consisted of families, contributing to more stable communities.

Colonial economic reliance on England

Colonies primarily exported raw materials while importing manufactured goods, reinforcing dependence on England.

Political representation in Puritan society

Voting and representation in the General Court were limited to church members, excluding non-Puritans.

Diverse settlement patterns

Middle Colonies attracted immigrants from various backgrounds, unlike the more homogenous New England.

Significance of the Hudson River

The river was crucial for navigation and trade during Dutch colonial expansion in New Netherland.

Religious freedom in Rhode Island

Providence was established as a haven for those seeking freedom from religious persecution.

Tension between Puritan beliefs and governance

Puritan beliefs often influenced laws that governed societal behavior, with strict adherence expected.

The impact of disease and food shortages

These factors contributed to the decline of Native American resistance during King Philip's War.

Response to colonial trade restrictions

Colonial merchants commonly resisted Navigation Acts through smuggling and other means.

Contrast of Puritan and Quaker gatherings

Quakers' informal worship services allowed for open dialogue, in contrast to the structured Puritan services.

Economic disparity in Chesapeake vs New England

Chesapeake had large wealth disparities due to plantation economies, while New England was more equitable.

The legacy of the Glorious Revolution

Established parliamentary supremacy and laid the groundwork for colonial self-governance.

Resistance to English control after the Glorious Revolution

Colonists sought to regain control of local governance and resist the authority of English-appointed officials.

Defense against Native American attacks

The New England Confederation aimed to unify colonies against common threats from Native Americans.

Lifecycle of colonial rebellions against English authority

Colonial dissatisfaction frequently led to challenges against perceived overreach by English governors.