National 5 - Graphic Communication

Primary Colours

Red, Yellow, Blue

Secondary Colours

Orange, green and violet

Tertiary colours

Made by mixing a primary colour with a secondary colour

What colours harmonise?

Ones which are close to each other on the colour wheel

What colours contrast or compliment each other?

Colours that are opposite from each other on the colour wheel

How do you create a shade?

Add black

How do you make a tint?

Add white

What are red, yellow and orange?

Advancing colours because they appear to be closer to the viewer.

How would a room painted red, yellow or orange feel?

Warm and small

What are blue, green and Violet?

Receding colours because they appear further away from the viewer.

How would a room that was painted blue, green or violet feel?

Cold and big

Red

Bold, exciting, festive, angry, danger

Orange

Cheerful, happy

Yellow

Bright, pleasant, lively

Green

Fresh, natural, safe, peaceful

Blue

Sophisticated, elegant, formal

Violet

Subdued, peace, solemn

Purple

Rich, impressive, regal

Brown

Wholesome, natural

Grey

Neutral, dignified, dull

White

Positive, delicate, pure

Black

Solemn, heavy, sorrow

What does a location plan show?

The building and its surroundings

What does a site plan show?

It shows the site boundary, an outline of the new building, paths, roads, neighbouring plots, etc.

What does a floor plan show?

It shows the inside of the house; room arrangements, positions of doors and furniture.

What is a sectional view?

This a cross sectional which shows you a slice through the middle of an object.

Location Plan Scale

1:1250

Site Plan Scale

1:200

Floor Plan Scale

1:50

Detailed Drawing Scale

1:5

Crop

Allows you to delete unwanted parts of an image

Transparency

When you make an image "see through" and can see what is positioned behind

Text wrap

Altering text so that it wraps around an image

Scale

Changing the size of an object

Pan

Moving the viewpoint of an object without zooming in or out

Constraint

Lock a graphic to a certain size

Mirror

Make a symmetrical copy or an image

Perpendicular

Force a line to be 90 degrees to another line

Extend

Make a line longer (until it touches another line)

Trim

Remove part of a line that crosses another line

Tangent

Force a line to touch a circle or arc at one point

Extrude

The pulling of a 2D surface to make it 3D

Shell

Removes the inside of the model and leaves a wall; makes it hollow

Fillet

Rounds off the edge of a shape

Chamfer

Applies a crisp, angular edge to a shape

Array

Allows you to repeat features without redrawing them

Revolve

Rotating a 2D shape around an axis

What types of drawings are used in CAD?

2D - orthographic drawings
2.5D - isometric, oblique
3D - the drawing of a model where width, breadth and height are shown

Reverse

Changing the text colour to white on a dark background

Alignment

Creates organisation, structure and neatness

Balance

Asymmetric layouts are more eye catching

Depth

Shadows, layers - creates more visual impact

Dominance

Focal point, only one graphic on page

White space

Gives reader breathing space and can allows important details to stand out

Bleed

When a graphic extends past the edge of a page

Gutter

The spaces between columns

Advantages of DTP

Documents can be produced accurately and quickly
Easy to edit documents
Documents can be sent over long distances, in a short amount of time
The user can work on their designs anywhere

What are the disadvantages of DTP?

Documents can be easily lost or stolen
The software can be expensive
People have to be trained to use the software - time consuming

What are the 3Ps?

Preliminary, Production, Promotion

Preliminary

This is the initial stages of a projects, rough work, often done in the form of thumbnails

Production

3D models created on CAD. These incluse dimensions, ,materials, cross sections and sometimes the weight.

Promotion

Posters, adverts, leaflets, flyers and displays

When do you use a pie chart?

Whole numbers and not too many segments

When do you use a bar chart?

Individual figures that aren't related
Comparing different items

When do you use a line graph?

Use when showing a gradual change over a period of time
Reasonable quantities
The figures flow

What do you use a table to display data?

Individual figures
Large numbers, that are too precise to plot

-

Outlines objects and shows visible detail

--------

Hidden detail

- -- - -- - -- - --

Centre line

~- -- - -- - -- - -- -~

Cutting plane

- - -- - - -- - - --

Fold line

Orthographic Projection

Shows 3D objects as 2D drawings
Consists of an elevation, plan and end elevation

Isometric

Shows all three surfaces
Lengths and breadths are projected at 30 degrees to the horizontal

Planometric

Shows the view of a room where everything is drawn up from the floor

Oblique

Shows the front of an object as it true shape

Exploded view

It is an assembly drawing which shows all of the parts along an axis, as if they were assembled

1 point perspective

all lines appear to meet at a single point on the horizion

2 point perspective

All lines go back to the 2 vanishing points

What is CAD?

Computer Aided Design

Dimensioning rules

- each dimension is shown once
- dimensions must be read from the bottom of right hand side
- always use mm
- arrowheads touch projection lines
- use the diameter of a circle not the radius
- chain dimensioning <-----><---------><------->
- parallel dimensioning

Advantages of manual drawings

Produced using inexpensive equipment
Cannot be hacked
Since they are produced 'freehand' it is an immediate way to record ideas

Disadvantages of manual drawings

Each graphic has to be drawn separately
Hard to modify
Take up storage space

Where is cross hatching added to on a cross section?

The parts that have been cut through

Boolean Subtraction

Used to describe material being removed from a 3D model.

Boolean Union

Used to describe material being added to a 3D model.

Profile

The name given to a 2D shape, before it is used to make 3D feature.

Workplane

A surface where sketches can be applied.

CAD library

A directory of commonly used parts.

Mate

To join the face of a 3D model to another face.

Aling

To align the face of a 3D model with another face.

Projected edge

To select an edge from a CAD model or feature and generate as if a new line in a sketch.

Suppress

To turn a feature off within the modelling tree.

Datum

A key point from which dimensions are taken.

Wire frame

The presentation of a 3D model, showing only the edges, the faces are transparent.

BSI

British Standards Institution

What doesn't get cross-hatched?

Axels and webs - these are used to strengthen and support components. Webs are triangular.