Unit 8: Digestive System Notes

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55 Terms

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alimentary canal

fancy name for the organs that make up the actual tube of your digestive tract

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mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines

what organs are in the alimentary canal

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accessory digestive organs

what do you call the organs that just help with digestion

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liver, teeth, gallbladder, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas

accessory digestive organs

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chewing

what is mastication

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swallowing

what is deglutition

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mechanical digestion

combination of chewing and stomach churning

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food is chewed and broken down while being mixed with saliva

-tuonge mixes food into bolus and initiates swallowing

what happens during deglutition

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bolus

ball of chewed food and saliva

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absorption

the movement of nutrient out of the small intestine and into the bloodstream

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defecation

the removal of undigested food waste from the alimentary canal through the anus

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peristalsis

wavelike muscle movement that propels food forward through the alimentary canal

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mixture of mucous and serous fluids

where does saliva come from

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saliva

what part of the digestive system has the following function:

-helps to form a food bolus

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saliva

what part of the digestive system has the following function:

-contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion

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saliva

what part of the digestive system has the following function:

-dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted

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saliva

what part of the digestive system has the following function:

-contains immune response agents = antibodies, enzymes, WBC

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peristalsis

slow rhythmic squeezing by smooth muscle; why we can eat and swallow while upside down

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-circular outer layer

-longitudinal inner layer

-visceral peritoneum

-parietal peritoneum

4 tissue layers in the digestive organs

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esophagus is smooth muscle, trachea has cartilage rings

how does your esophagus look different from your trachea

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circular outer layer

layer that contracts first and acts as a valve

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longitudinal inner layer

layer to contracts to propel foward

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upper esophageal sphincter

sphincter between the pharynx and esophagus

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cardioesophageal sphincter/lower esophageal

sphincter between the esophagus and stomach

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pyloric sphincter

sphincter between the stomach and small intestine

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ileocecal sphincter

sphincter between the small and large intestine

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anal sphincter

sphincter between the anus/large intestine and outside

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stomach

what part of the digestive system has the following function:

-acts as a temporary storage tank for food

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stomach

what part of the digestive system has the following function:

-mechanical digestion grinds up food with 3 muscle layers

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stomach

what part of the digestive system has the following function:

-has specialized cells that make and release pepsin, HCI, and a digestion stimulating hormone

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stomach

what part of the digestive system has the following function:

-chemical breakdown of protein begins

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stomach

what part of the digestive system has the following function:

-very little is absorbed here

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Rugae

internal folds of the stomach mucosa, especially when it is empty

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Increases surface area of the stomach to increase stomach volume when full

why are rugae important

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chyme

acidic fluid; passes from stomach to small intestine that consists of gastric juices and partially digested food

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duodenum, jejunum, and ilium

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine in order

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villi of small intestine

finger like structures formed by the mucosa lining the small intestine

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villi of small intestine

covered in absorptive cells and full of capillaries

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microvilli

small projections of the plasma membrane; found on absorptive cells lining the villi

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increases surface area for maximum absorption

purpose of villi and microvilli

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ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

parts of the large intestine in order

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Absorbs water and holds indigestible food waste until it can be eliminated from the body as feces

-does not participate in any digestion of food

function of the large intestine

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appendix

helps fight invading pathogens and helps repopulate the stomach and intestines with good bacteria

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-internal is involuntary and prevents stool from leaking

-external is mostly voluntary and allows you to pass stool

what is the difference between the internal and external anal sphincters

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pancreas

makes and releases digestive enzymes and hormones that regulate blood sugar

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large intestine

absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool

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small intestine

most of the digestive enzymes are active in this structure, the majority of this structure is where nutrients are absorbed

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esophagus

moves food from the mouth to the stomach

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epiglottis

prevents choking by blocking the trachea when swallowing

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liver

digestive function is to make bile

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gall bladder

stores bile, and releases when fatty foods are eaten

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small intestine

what is the main site of digestion and nutrient absorption

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they are absorbed into the bloodstream

where do nutrients go after they are removed from food

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poop and indigestible food waste

what are feces

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defecation

word for expelling feces from the body