Psyche Y12 Sem 1 revision

Define social influence and its three factors

"the influence of other people on our everyday thoughts, feelings, and behaviour."

1. Comformity - changing ones attitudes/ actions to align with teh groups social norms

2. Complience - going along with a persons request or demand even if you don't agree with it.

3. Obedience - behaving in a way that complies with a command from and authority figure.

What two factors make people conform?

normative social influence - conforming as a way to achieve social acceptance.

information social influence - conforming because you believe that the group is more competent than you are.

what is social comparison?

our tendency to compare ourselves to others around us in order to validate our own behaviours/opinions.

what are some factors influencing conformity?

- ambiguity of the situation

- group size

- lack of a diverse group (opinions)

- cultural effects

- how you respond (private vs. public)

- individual differences

what are factors influencing obedience?

- how high up the authority is.

- teh presence of others who obey/disobey.

- personality

define attributions in the context of psychology and their two factors

"our explanation for the source of our own or others behaviours and outcomes."

internal (personal) attributions - explain an outcome by looking within an individual.

external (situational) attributions - explaining an outcome by looking outside an individual.

define attribution bias and the three factors

"a systematic error in thinking which influences our attributions of our own or others behaviour."

1. fundamental attribution error - attributing the behaviour of others to their internal attributions while ignoring the external attributions

2. self-serving bias - interpreting events that assigns internal attributions to ones success and blames faliure on situational factors. a way to maintain high self-esteem.

3. group serving bias - overvaluing ones group and has self-serving bias.

what is hindsight bias

causes people to mistakenly believe that victims should have been able to predict future events and therefore have taken steps to avoid it.

what is actor-observer bias

attributing ones own negative bahiour to situational attributions but interpreting the same negative bahiour in others to their internal attributions.

what is the difference between social and personal identity?

social - ones self-concept defined by their in-group

personal - self concept derived from their own unique attributions.

what are the four factors of social identity theory

1. social categorisation - identify what groups we do and don't belong to.

2. social identification - adopting group norms

3. social comparison - comparing your in-group favourably with the out-group to justify your membership.

4. posotive distinctivness - making a favourable distinction from the out-group for the in-group.

what is identity salience?

when we become more aware of a facet of our identity, muting others. This has an influence on our behaviour.

Identity the ABS's of attitudes

affective - feelings associated with an action

behavioural - behaviour involved with that action

cognitive - thoughts and beliefs about an action.

what is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination?

Stereotypes are ideas about a group based on stereotypical traits from that group. can be + and -.

prejudice is a NEGATIVE opinion about someone based on their group and their corresponding stereotypes

Discrimination is when someone acts unfairly towards another person or group because of their group characteristics. this involves behaviour which the others don't.

what is implicit bias?

the unconscious feelings, attitudes, prejudices, and stereotypes an individual has developed due their experiences.

what are the different types of discrimination

indirect and direct. overt and covert.

what are the factors of Allports scale of prejudice and discrinimatuion?

Antilocution - insensitive jokes or hate speech

avoidance - the majority groups avoid the marginalised.

discrimination - casual behaviour directed towards a marginalised group

physical attack - extreme behaviour

extermination.

what is group polarisation?

where group discussions lead members to adopt more extreme positions on an issue than they initially held

what is the difference between prosocial behaviour and altruism?

prosocial: behaviour that benefits another person or has positive social consequences. with the goal of "making a difference."

altruism: helping someone for no reward or even at cost to oneself.

what is kin selection theory

the degree of altruism that one demonstrates depends on the number of genes that are shared by an individual. based on the theory of natural selection.

what is inclusive fitness

altruism causes an organism to behave in a way which reduces its own personal fitness (evolutionary success) but boosts the fitness of other members of its gene pool

what is social exchange theory

we cognitively measure the costs and benefits of helping others before deciding to help.

what is negative state relief

prosocial behaviour is motivated by the desire to reduce ones discomfort caused by a negative situation of someone else.

define teh empathy-altruism model

we expirence two types of emotions when we see someone suffering

1. personal distress - leads to egotistic helping.

2. empathetic concern - leads to altristic helping

difference between emic and etic approaches.

emic: a focus on one culture, subjective, looking for culturally specific behaviour etc. etic does the opposite

define bystanderism

how individual may not help in situations requiring assistance, especially when other passive bystanders are present.

explain the decision model of helping

1. the bystander must notice that something is amiss.

2. must define the situation as a emergency.

3. must assess how personally responsible they feel.

4. must decide how to best offer assistance

5. must act on that decision.

what is diffusion of responsibility?

when more people are present, people are less likely to help. based on informational social influence.

pluralistic ignorance

when other people present don't react to a potential emergency, people are less likely to react themselves. based on informational social influence.

Law of social impact and how helping is influenced by this.

SIN:

strength of the situation

immediacy of teh situation

number of people present.