AP test gov

first amendment

1. freedom of press, assembly, and petition, speech

   nessacary of propper and commerce clause

second amendment

1. People can form a militia and bear arms.

3rd amendment

Troops cannot be quartered in people’s homes unless with consent or by law.

fourth amendment

1. People cannot face searches and seizures that are unreasonable. A warrant with probable cause is required.

5th amendment

1. People accused of a crime cannot be indicted without a grand jury, be tried for the same crime twice (double jeopardy), or be forced to self-incriminate. They are also guaranteed due process, a process done so the person in question can prove their innocence properly during this time. People also cannot be forced to give up property without fair compensation, AKA eminent domain. (Takings Clause)

6th amendment

1. In criminal cases, the accused must have a public and speedy trial, and also be informed of the charges they were given. They also can have witnesses in support of them and must be allowed to see their accuser in court. The accused also are guaranteed assistance of counsel (a public defender).

7th amendment

1. In civil cases, people are guaranteed a trial by jury.

8th amendment

1. People cannot be fined or have a bail set unreasonably. They also cannot be punished in a way that is deemed “cruel and unusual”.

9th amendment

1. The rights in the Bill of Rights are not the only rights that people have

10 amendment

Any powers not given to the Federal Government or denied from the States are reserved to the States. These are called reserved powers.

11th amendment

Electoral college put into place for the presidential elections

12th amendment

Electoral college put into place for the presidential elections

13th amendment

Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude

14th amendment

Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, ensuring equal protection under the law.

15th amendment

Prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

16th amendment

The government has the right to lay and collect income tax on the money that the citizens are making.

17 amendment

Established direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote, replacing state legislature selection.

18 amendment

Prohibits the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States.

19th amendment

Women gain the right to vote, the right to vote will not be abridged by sex.

20 amendment

Limits the term of the President and Vice President, establishing that their terms end on January 20th.

21 amendment

Repeals the 18th Amendment, legalizing alcohol in the United States.

22 amendment

Limits the presidential terms to two full terms.

23 amendment

Grants residents of Washington D.C. the right to vote in presidential elections.

24 amendment

Prohibits the use of poll taxes in federal elections.

25 amendment

Establishes presidential succession and the procedure for filling a vacancy in the vice presidency.

26 amendment

Establishes the right to vote for citizens who are 18 years of age or older.

federalism

mcculloch v Maryland 1819 and United States v Lopez

mcculloch v Maryland 1819

implied powers, court was unanimous necessary and proper

united States v lopez

1. gun free zone, lopez argued congress exceeded congress power to regulate commerce supreme court voted 5-4 commerce clause

bill of rights first amendment

engel v Vitale 1962 and wisconsin v yoder 1962 tinker v Des Moines newyork v united states’ 1971, schneck v United States

engel v Vitale 1962

prayer in school, violated the first amendment, supreme court ruled 6-1. breached the wall of separation between, church and state

establishment clause

wisconsin v Yoder 1972

amish families taking there kids out of school at 8th grade, ruled in favor of the amish. afirmed the importance of religious freedom

free exercise clause

tinker v Des Moines 1969

black arm bands, can express ourselves in school. protected by the first amendment as symbolic speech.

free speech clause

new York times v united states

pentagon papers were classified, 6-3 decision prior restraint

freedom of press clause

schneck v United States

involentarly drafts, leaflets were a clear danger to the war effort, free speech stops when it causes danger to the government 9-0

selective incorporation

gideon v wrainwright 1963, mcdonald v Chicago

gideon v wainwright 1963

Supreme Court case that extended the right to counsel to defendants in state courts, ensuring fair trial rights.

mcdonald v Chicago

2010 Supreme Court case that applied the Second Amendment to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, affirming the right to bear arms for self-defense.

civil rights

brown v board of ed

brown v board of Ed

1954 landmark Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional, promoting desegregation.

campain finance

citizens v federal election

citizens united v federal election commission

A landmark Supreme Court case that ruled political spending by corporations and unions is protected under the First Amendment, thus allowing for unlimited independent political expenditures.

representative government

baker v carr and shaw v reno

baker v carr 1962

A landmark Supreme Court case that addressed the issue of legislative apportionment, establishing the principle of "one person, one vote" and allowing federal courts to intervene in redistricting disputes.

equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment, which mandates that individuals in similar situations be treated equally by the law.

shaw v Reno

A Supreme Court case that addressed racial gerrymandering, ruling that redistricting based on race must meet strict scrutiny standards under the Equal Protection Clause.

role of court

marbury v Madison

marbury v Madison

Established judicial review, allowing courts to invalidate laws and executive actions that are unconstitutional.

the declaration of independence

Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776 to express the colonies' desire for independence from Britain after years of struggle and no government representation.

the articles of confederation

This was the first Constitution of the United States, originally drafted by John Dickinson and was used from 1776 to 1789. It expressed the powers and freedoms of the state and federal governments, and made a confederal democracy because the states had most of the power to make decisions and changes.

federalist 10

A Federalist paper written by James Madison on November 22, 1787. The document talked about how factions are inevitable and supported a large Republic 

brutus 1

Robert Yates, in 1787, who was a very powerful Anti-Federalist voice at the time. This document argues the idea that the constitution threatens the freedoms and rights of citizens and therefore they should stop the ratification.

federalist 51

 James Madison on February 8th, 1788. Discusses the topic of checks and balances within the government, in order to stop the government from infringing upon the rights of its citizens. 

federalist 70

Alexander Hamilton in 1788. Describes why the executive branch should only have one President; Opposes the idea of a plural executive.

federalist 78

Alexander Hamilton and was published on May 28, 1788. The text explains how the judicial branch is responsible for reviewing the actions of the other 2 branches and ruling it constitutional or unconstitutional and how lifelong terms are necessary because there are few people who have sufficient skill to be a judge.

letter from a birmingham jail

 Martin Luther King Jr. on May 19th, 1963 after being arrested in Birmingham City. He talks about goals of his nonviolent movement to achieve equality for African Americans in America (especially in the South), and he talks about roadblocks for minority groups seeking equality.