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Speech Acts
is an utterance that a the speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. Some of the functions carried out using speech acts are offering an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal.
When uttering a sentence, a speaker is involved in three different speech acts: a locutionary act, an illocutionary act, and a perlocutionary act.
Locutionary Act
is the act of uttering a sentence with a certain meaning. It is What you actually say
In performing a this act we shall also be performing such acts as:
1. Asking or answering a question
2. Giving some Information or an
assurance or warning
3. Answering a verdict or an Intention
Pronouncing sentence
5. Moking an appeal, an appointment or a criticism
6. Making an identification or giving a description and numerous alike
Illocutionary Act
refers to the type of function a speaker intends to accomplish in the course of producing an utterance. He may intend to constitute a certain act of praise, criticism, threat, etc.
How you want others to take it (a warning, a promise, a threat, an apology, etc.)
it has 5 types
Assertive
This is a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition. Some examples of assertive illocutionary acts are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding.
"No one makes better pancakes than I do."
Directive
This is a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action. Some examples of direct illocutionary acts are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.
"Please close the door."
Commisive
This is a type of illocutionary act that commits the speaker to do something in the future. Some examples of commissive illocutionary acts are promising, planning, vowing, and betting.
"From now on. I will participate in our group activity."
Expressive
This is a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples of expressive illocutionary acts are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring.
"I am so sorry for not helping out in our group projects and letting you do all the work."
Declaration
This is a type of illocutionary act that brings about a change in the external situation. Simply put, declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs to which they refer.
Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating.
"You are fired!"
Perlocutionary Act
an act performed by saying something. Persuading, angering, inciting. comforting and inspiring are often this act.
For example, if someone shouts fire and by that act causes people to exit a building that they believe to be on fire, they have performed the perlocutionary act of convincing other people to exit the building.