Health Psych chapter 13

Alcohol and other drugs

What was the effect of the introduction of distilled alcoholic beverages into 18th-century England?

A: All social classes dramatically increased consumption of the new alcoholic beverages.

B: Consumption of distilled spirits rapidly decreased among the lower classes because of cost.

C: Widespread consumption and drunkenness increased among the richest social class.

D: Consumption and intoxication increased dramatically among the lower and working classes.

D

Alcohol consumption in the United States reached its peak during

A: the early 1800s.

B: the Civil War.

C: Prohibition.

D: World War II

A

What was the effect of the passage of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution on alcohol consumption?

A: Illegal alcohol consumption increased among the rich who could afford the cost

B: Consumption increased initially but decreased steadily afterwards

C: Consumption decreased dramatically from previous levels

D: There was no effect

C

Over 20 years since the 1980s, per capita consumption of alcohol in the United States has

A: increased dramatically

B: increased slightly

C: been stable

D: declined

D

With regard to the consumption of alcohol in the United States, it is most accurate to say that about

A: 90% of adults drink and about one fourth abuse alcohol

B: 75% of adults drink and about one tenth abuse alcohol

C: 68% of adults drink and about 26% binge drink

D: 90% of adults drink and about 5% abuse alcohol

In the United States, people of this ethnic background tend to have the highest rates of binge drinking and heavy drinking.

A: European Americans

B: Hispanic Americans

C: African Americans

D: Native Americans

D

Which Amendment ended Prohibition in the United States?

A: The Eighteenth Amendment

B: The Twentieth Amendment

C: The Twenty-First Amendment

D: The Twenty-Fourth Amendment

C

What type of drinking is having 14 or more drinks per week for men or having 7 or more drinks per week for women?

A: Moderate drinking

B: Regular drinking

C: Heavy drinking

D: Binge drinking

C

Before the legal age of buying alcohol was raised to 21, more than 40% of adolescents aged 12–17 were current drinkers. What percentage of this age group were current drinkers in 1992?

A: 33%

B: 20%

C: 10%

D: 40%

B

What is the connection between education and regular alcohol consumption?

A: People with college diplomas have the highest rate of regular alcohol consumption.

B: People without a high school diploma have the highest rate of regular alcohol consumption

C: People with high school diplomas but no college experience have the highest rate of regular alcohol consumption

D: No relationship exists between educational level and consumption of alcohol

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase are

A: used to convert hops into beer and grain into whiskey

B: toxic byproducts of excessive alcohol consumption

C: found in fermented but not distilled alcoholic beverages

D: enzymes involved in the metabolism of alcohol

D

Tolerance refers to

A: the property of a drug that requires changes in the body's physical functions, making the drug necessary for normal functioning

B: a strong psychological desire and craving for a drug

C: the ability to tolerate large doses of drugs without impairment of psychological or physical abilities

D: the property of a drug that requires increasingly higher levels to get the same effect

D

When a drug becomes incorporated into the functioning of the body's cells and thus becomes necessary for "normal" functioning, what has occurred?

A: dependence

B: death

C: withdrawal

D: Tolerance

A

The combination of physiological dependence and withdrawal symptoms is usually referred to as

A: Psychological addiction

B: addiction

C: psychological dependence

D: Tolerance

B

Korsak off syndrome is sometimes found among long-term, heavy users of alcohol and is characterized by

A:confusion, disorientation, and memory impairment

B: nonfunctional scar tissue on the liver

C: excessive trembling, sweating, anxiety, and hallucinations

D: high blood pressure and rapid, irregular heartbeat

A

Ashley, who is a light to moderate drinker during pregnancy,

A: has a higher risk of having a child who has deficits in cognitive functioning

B: has a higher risk of having a child who has conduct disorders in childhood

C: has a higher risk of having a miscarriage or of having a stillbirth.

D: All of the above

D

Which of the following is an indirect effect of alcohol consumption

A: The relationship between drinking and cirrhosis of the liver

B:A decrease in thiamin absorption through consuming alcohol

C: An increased risk of fetal alcohol syndrome in pregnant women

D: The relationship between drinking and motor vehicle crashes

D

Research indicates that alcohol consumption

A: at any level reduces life expectancy

B: causes lung cancer

C: promotes aggression

D: decreases high-density lipoprotein

C

In most studies of the relationship between drinking and mortality rate, a J-shaped or U-shaped relationship has been found. This pattern suggests that

A: Light drinkers and nondrinkers have a higher death rate than moderate and heavy drinkers

B: Light and moderate drinkers have a lower death rate than nondrinkers and heavy drinkers.

C: Light drinkers and moderate drinkers have a higher death rate than heavy drinkers

D: moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers have a lower death rate than light drinkers

B

Low to moderate levels of drinking may decrease the risk for ______________.

A: Korsakoff syndrome

B: Alzheimer’s disease

C: lung cancer

D: automobile crashes.

B

What condition refers to the accumulation of nonfunctional scar tissue in the liver?

A: Jaundice

B: Pancreatitis

C: Cirrhosis

D: Liver cancer

C

Subject Q was involved in a fatal crash related to drinking. What is most likely true of subject Q?
A: She is a 60-year-old woman

B: She is a 24-year-old woman

C: He is a 30-year-old man

D: He is a 74-year-old man

C

All of the following are benefits of being a light to moderate alcohol drinker EXCEPT

A: lower chance of developing Type 2 diabetes

B: lower chance of hemorrhagic stroke

C: decreased risk for Alzheimer’s disease

D: lower risk of experiencing gallstones

B

What have epigenetic researchers concluded about the progression from alcohol use to alcohol abuse?
A: Alcohol abuse is exclusively due to genetic predisposition and does not relate to environmental factors

B: Genetic predisposition to alcohol abuse can be triggered by life experiences but is not transmitted before birth

C: Genetic predisposition to alcohol abuse can be triggered by life experiences and also be transmitted before birth

D: There is no genetic basis for predicting who is likely to abuse alcohol

C

In contrast to psychologically-based treatment programs or treatment programs in Canada, Europe, and Australia, the US medical community tends to privilege _______________

A: the disease model

B: The tension reduction model

C: The stress response dampening model

D: the social learning model

A

The balanced placebo design by Marlatt and his colleagues has been used to measure

A: the role of expectancy in alcohol’s effects

B: withdrawal symptoms in the alcohol-dependent

C: people's personal awareness of need to drink

D: the heritability of alcohol dependence

A

Hakim is torn between going out and getting a drink and stopping drinking altogether. What stage of the brain disease model is Hakim in?

A: Withdrawel and negative affect

B: Binge and Intoxication

C: Preoccupation and anticipation

D: self-regulation and susceptibility

C

A research study that asked participants to rate themselves on a variety of traits suggests that

A: alcohol has no consistent relationship with self-worth

B: alcohol makes people feel worse about themselves

C: alcohol makes people worry more

D: alcohol makes people feel better about themselves

D

According to social learning theory, people begin to drink because

A: alcohol has pleasurable and immediate effects

B: alcohol offers an escape from an unpleasant situation

C: they see other people drinking and learn from them

D: all of the above

D

As an explanation for why people drink, the tension reduction hypothesis has generally

A: not been supported

B: been supported for men but not for women

C: been supported for women but not for men

D: been supported for both men and women

A

The Alcoholics Anonymous doctrine

A: calls for complete abstinence.

B: includes the notion that members must give up tobacco as well as alcohol

C: holds that most alcoholics will eventually be cured of problem drinking

D: adopts a psychological approach to quitting drinking

A

Reviews of psychological interventions for problem drinking show

A: cognitive behavioral therapies are the most consistently effective

B: group therapy has been found to be more effective than individual therapy has been

C: chemical treatments are necessary in conjunction with talk therapy

D: psychotherapeutic programs overall are more effective if they are of long duration

A

Disulfiram is used in the treatment of alcohol abuse

A: because it is associated with a therapy called counter conditioning

B: by affecting GABA transmission

C: due to its ability to treat liver damage

D: because it produces unpleasant effects if combined with alcohol

D

For problem drinkers, most relapses occur how long after the end of the treatment program

A: 1 week

B: 6 months

C: 90 days

D: 1 year

C

Mariah is a licensed professional counselor who has just begun working with people with alcohol abuse disorder. She read some studies on controlled drinking, and she plans to help people learn to control their rate of alcohol consumption. Mariah should know that:

A: most treatment facilities in the United States do not support this goal

B: harm reduction has not been scientifically established as a valid treatment program

C: treatment using harm reduction has been rejected in the United Kingdom

D: controlled drinking is less successful with older people seeking treatment

A

Which neurotransmitter is involved in the effects of several drugs that affect brain function

A: THC

B: Dopamine

C: Methylapoprobate

D: Epinephrine

B

All drugs that cross the blood-brain barrier

A: change brain chemistry

B: have side effects

C: alter perception

D: All of the above

D

According to the FDA, Schedule I drugs have

A: low abuse potential but no accepted medical use

B: high abuse potential but accepted medical use

C: low abuse potential and accepted medical use

D: high abuse potential and no accepted medical use

D

Barbiturates are synthetic drugs that

A: have little or no tolerance, dependence, or withdrawal properties

B: produce both tolerance and dependence

C: are taken recreationally as "stay awake” pills

D: are classified as steroids

B

Near the end of a party at which Traci had been drinking heavily, someone offered her cocaine. By using cocaine and alcohol together

A: Traci's body would produce cocaethylene, a potentially deadly chemical

B: Traci was combining two depressants

C: Traci would find that the effects of each one of these canceled out the other.

D: Traci was combining two stimulants

A

The drug MDMA (“Ecstasy”) produces its effects by

A: slowing the release of GABA

B: prompting a massive release of serotonin

C: prompting neurons to release stored dopamine in greater than normal amounts

D: inhibiting the release of dopamine

B

What drug has some hallucinogenic properties but lacks most other characteristics of hallucinogens?

A: MDMA

B: Cocaine

C: Marijuana

D: Heroin

C

a model for drinking must ask three questions:

• Why do people start drinking?

• Why do most people maintain moderate levels rather than excessive levels of drinking?

• why do some people drink so much that they start developing serious problems?

The moral model

Holds that people have free will to choose their behaviors, including excessive drinking. Those who are either sinful/morally lacking in self-discipline necessary to moderate drinking

The medical model of alcoholism

Conceptualizes problem drinking as symptoms of underlying physical problems, and the notion that alcoholism is hereditary grew from this view. (A constitutional weakness runs in families, and this weakness produces alcoholics)

• Research generally shows a closer concordance of problem drinking for identical twins or fraternal twins

• children of problem drinkers are more likely to abuse drugs/alcohol

Epigenetics

a branch of genetics that studies the changes in the expression of genes through non-genetic mechanisms

The disease model (popular in the 1930s and 1940s)

elevated to scientific respectability by Jelinek, who described several characteristics and types of alcoholism.

griffin Edwards advocated the alcohol dependency syndrome, which proposed that people who are dependent on alcohol because they have impaired control

The brain disease model (1990s)

focuses on brain processes as the foundation of alcohol use disorders and other drug use.

proposes that alcohol overuse sets up a cascade of effects, which consists of three stages;

• Stage one: binge and intoxication

  • affect on brain: hyperactivation of the brain reward centers through increased dopamine release.

  • affect on behavior: conditions a connection between drug taking and the surrounding environment.

• Stage 2: withdrawal and negative affect

  • affect on the brain: desensitization to reward and lower release of dopamine

  • affect on behavior: feelings of depression, restlessness, and activating throughs of drug seeking

• Stage 3: preoccupation and anticipation

  • affect on the brain: decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex

  • Effect on behavior: increased impulsive behavior and decreased ability to regulate behavior.

alcohol myopia

hypothesizes that alcohol use creates effects on social behaviors that they term alcohol myopia, or a state of shortsightedness in which superficially understood. Immediate aspects of experience have a disproportional influence on behavior and emotion, a state in which we can see the tree but miss the forest all together.

drunken excess

The tendency for those who drink to behave more excessively

Drunken relief

people who drink tend to worry less

The social learning model

provides an explanation for why people begin to drink, why they continue to drink in moderation, and why some people drink in a harmful manner.

people start for three main reasons:

• The taste of alcohol and it’s immediate effects may bring pleasure (positive reinforcement)

• Drinking may allow people to escape unpleasant situations (negative reinforcement)

• the person may learn to drink by observing others (modeling)

chemical treatments for alcoholism

• Naltrexone: attaches to opiate receptors in the brain and prevents their activation, decreasing the pleasure felt from drinking alcohol

• acamprosate: affects the NT Gabba, but its specific action that affects drinking is not well understood.

• disulfiram: produces a few unpleasant effects when taken alone, but when taken in combination with alcohol, the effects become severe. This medication works to create an association between alcohol and unpleasant consequences.