Unit 4: World War I

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33 Terms

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Alliances

were agreements between countries to provide mutual support in case of conflict, significantly contributing to the escalation of World War I.

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Militarism

the belief that a country should have a strong military and be ready to use it aggressively to protect or promote its interests

  • pro military/pride in military

  • wants to advance military technology

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Nationalism

a strong sense of pride and loyalty to one's own nation, often leading to the belief that one's country is superior to others

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Imperialism

the policy of extending a country's power and influence over other countries/territories

  • 15-20th century (hit its peak in the late 19th and early 20th centuries) — old imperialism was 15-17th century but new imperialism lasted from 1870s to WWI in 1914

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Triple Entente

an alliance formed between France, Russia, and Great Britain before World War I, were against the central powers/triple alliance

  • formed 1907

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Central powers and triple alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I, opposing the triple entente. (1871)

  • The Triple Alliance was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy that was in place from 1882 until World War I. 

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The Balkans

The Balkan region is significant because of its geographic location, history, and diverse cultures. The Balkans have been a crossroads of civilizations for centuries, and have played a key role in both World Wars

  • indirectly caused ww1 through serbia funding the black hands who were revolting against Austria-Hungarys rule over theme

  • a region of peoplethat includes countries such as Serbia, Bosnia, and Bulgaria, and has been a source of tension and conflict in Europe.

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The Black Hands

A secret society that was serbia nationalists and seria funded that aimed to create a Greater Serbia by using violence and terrorism, notably involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.

  • formed to free from foreign rule (Austria-Hungary

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Assasination of Franz Fernidand

The event on June 28 1914 where Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was killed by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand, which is deemed the catalyst of World War I

  • happened in Sarajevo, Bosnia

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Sinking of the lusitania

a British passenger ship that was torpedoed by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915. The ship sank in 18 minutes, killing 1,195 of the 1,959 people on board. The sinking caused international outrage and helped turn public opinion against Germany

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Russian Revolution

  • happened 1917 cs overthrew ruler Tsar Nicholas II

  • gov replaced him n turned into a communist society

  • happened bc ppl were were poor, treated unfairly, and tired of being ruled by the Tsar. They wanted change, better conditions, and more power.

  • there was a february and october revolution in 1917

  • in the end russia became a soviet union but a civil war broke out soon after leading to communism taking over russia again

  • established worlds first communist and soviet society

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Machine gun

  • invented by Hiram Maxim in 1884

  • used in many conflicts and dominated ww1 and by many countries

  • fully automatic weapon

  • changed the way armies fought and the strategies they use in the history of warfare

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Artillery

  • a ranged weapon that fires munitions over long distances// large gun used in military combat

  • earliest artillery introduced in 14th century

  • includes canons mortars, etc

  • fort sill oklahoma is the home of field artillery

  • provides advantages

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Chemical Warfare

  • using toxic chemicals as weapons (primarily used in war to kill/harm enemies)

  • used gasses like mustard gas and chlorine gas

  • the first large scale use was in ww1 (first major use was in 1915 by the Germans)

  • used in battle fields in Europe

  • marked a new level of brutality in warfare, caused widespread torture

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The Tank

  • first developed in 1915 by France but developed by British engineers // first used in 1916 in the battle of the somme

  • a big and heavy armed military vehicle designed for combat and to crawl over trenches

  • revolutionized ground warfare by breaking trench warfare and is a key role in modern military

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The Airplane

  • made by the wright brothers in 1903

  • powered flying vehicle

  • first flight was in december of 1903 in north carolina

  • quickly spread worldwide for travel militart and cargo use

  • revolutionized a new and quicker way for traveling

  • was a crucial advantage in ww1 by allowing commanders to see beyond their enemys trenches and make better and strategic combat decisions

  • mass produced in ww1

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Trench Warfare

  • a type of combat where armies fight from deep ditches

  • trenches were dug by soldiers to protect themselves and turned into little underground cities

  • notable on the western front but used all throughout ww1

  • significant because no one really had an advantage and it was more fair combat and lead to prolonged fighting

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barbed wire

  • type of wire with sharp points/barbs on it

  • invented in 1873 by Joseph glidden

  • first used in the US but spread worldwide especially in militaries

  • used in trench warfare during WWI and significant because it was a good defense tactic to keep things out of the trenches

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War on 2 Fronts

  • involves a country or alliance fighting against 2 diff enemies simultaneously// Germany did this in WWI and in ww2

  • referenced in ww1 because germany did it

  • can happen bc of strategic interests, alliances, or being surrounded by enemies

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Battle of Verdun

  • major and prolonged battle during ww1

  • germany attacks france and they attempted to break through french defenses

  • one of longest battles in ww1

  • Februrary 21-dec 18 in 1916

  • in northeastern france

  • goal was to make france divert troops away from other fronts

  • significant bc a symbol of french resistance and sacrifice

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Battle of the Somme

  • one of if not the deadliest battle in ww1

  • british empier and french vs germany

  • many casualties and extensive trench warfare

  • July 1-Nov 18 in 1916

  • fought in the Somme river region in northern france

  • goal was to weaken german forces especially during verdun battle

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The Eastern Front

  • a major theatre of combat during ww1

  • Central powers vs the allied powers

  • lasted the entire duration of ww1

  • stretched across eastern Europe to western Russia

  • largest and most defensive theatre of combat

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The schlieffen plan

  • military strategy designed to avoid a 2 front war by defeating france and russia

  • alfred von schlieffen a german militart strategist → was a german strategy

  • created in 1905 implemented in 1914 for ww1

  • germany ddint want war on 2 fronts and wanted quick victories

  • innovative strategy but greatly failed

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Isolationism

  • a policy avoiding involvment in international conflicts, alliances, etc

  • Prominent in the us and the us did this majority of ww1 until 1917

  • strongest from late 18th century to mid 20th century

  • allowed domestic issues to be focused on

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The Treaty of Versailles

  • allied powers vs germany

  • was a peace treaty that officially ended ww1

  • signed on June 28 1919 → exactly 5 years after franz died

  • at the palace of versailles

  • formally ended ww1

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propaganda

  • information/rumors/ideas spread to influence public opinion/behavior and sometimes lies involved

  • done by govs, political parties, organization, people and was prominent during wars like ww1

  • notable in the 20th century

  • global

  • significant bc it was a tool for influence and political power and persuasion

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The fourteen points

  • made by us president woodrow wilson

  • a proposal for just and lasting peace after ww1

  • made janurary 8, 1918

  • delivered in a speech to the us congress

  • significant bc it served as a foundational blueprint for peace at the treaty of versailles

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unrestricted submarine warfare

  • a military strategy where submarines (u-boats) were used to sink any ship including civilian ones

  • violated traditional rules of naval warfare

  • germany did this in ww1

  • notable during ww1 and ww2

  • primarily in Atlantic ocean and north sea

  • germany did this to hopefully weaken allies

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U-boat

  • submarines used for naval warfare

  • beginning of 1914 first used

  • krupp and howaldt built them for germany

  • mainly used in atlantic ocean

  • germanys only weapon against british blockade

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The zimmerman telegram

  • arthur zimmerman

  • a secret telegram from germany to Mexico saying they’ll be allies and get Arizona and texas back if us entered ww1 against Germany

  • jan it was sent and februrary it was intercepted

  • pushed US to declare war on germany in April 1917

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The western front

  • another major theatre of ww1 with a lot of trench warfare

  • duration of ww1 (1914-1918)

  • primarily in France and belgium (stretched from english channel to swiss border)

  • was the decisive battlefield where the allied forces wanted to break through the german defenses and make germany surrender

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Armistice Day

  • the day that marked the end of fighting in ww1→ an armistice was signed

  • nov 11 1918

  • allied powers, and germany

  • northern france

  • to end the fighting on the western front

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League of nations

  • international organization aimed at promoting peace and preventing future wars

  • created by the allied powers after ww1

  • established in 1920 after signing the treaty of versailles

  • headquarters in geneva