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Alliances
were agreements between countries to provide mutual support in case of conflict, significantly contributing to the escalation of World War I.
Militarism
the belief that a country should have a strong military and be ready to use it aggressively to protect or promote its interests
pro military/pride in military
wants to advance military technology
Nationalism
a strong sense of pride and loyalty to one's own nation, often leading to the belief that one's country is superior to others
Imperialism
the policy of extending a country's power and influence over other countries/territories
15-20th century (hit its peak in the late 19th and early 20th centuries) — old imperialism was 15-17th century but new imperialism lasted from 1870s to WWI in 1914
Triple Entente
an alliance formed between France, Russia, and Great Britain before World War I, were against the central powers/triple alliance
formed 1907
Central powers and triple alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I, opposing the triple entente. (1871)
The Triple Alliance was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy that was in place from 1882 until World War I.
The Balkans
The Balkan region is significant because of its geographic location, history, and diverse cultures. The Balkans have been a crossroads of civilizations for centuries, and have played a key role in both World Wars
indirectly caused ww1 through serbia funding the black hands who were revolting against Austria-Hungarys rule over theme
a region of peoplethat includes countries such as Serbia, Bosnia, and Bulgaria, and has been a source of tension and conflict in Europe.
The Black Hands
A secret society that was serbia nationalists and seria funded that aimed to create a Greater Serbia by using violence and terrorism, notably involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.
formed to free from foreign rule (Austria-Hungary
Assasination of Franz Fernidand
The event on June 28 1914 where Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was killed by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand, which is deemed the catalyst of World War I
happened in Sarajevo, Bosnia
Sinking of the lusitania
a British passenger ship that was torpedoed by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915. The ship sank in 18 minutes, killing 1,195 of the 1,959 people on board. The sinking caused international outrage and helped turn public opinion against Germany
Russian Revolution
happened 1917 cs overthrew ruler Tsar Nicholas II
gov replaced him n turned into a communist society
happened bc ppl were were poor, treated unfairly, and tired of being ruled by the Tsar. They wanted change, better conditions, and more power.
there was a february and october revolution in 1917
in the end russia became a soviet union but a civil war broke out soon after leading to communism taking over russia again
established worlds first communist and soviet society
Machine gun
invented by Hiram Maxim in 1884
used in many conflicts and dominated ww1 and by many countries
fully automatic weapon
changed the way armies fought and the strategies they use in the history of warfare
Artillery
a ranged weapon that fires munitions over long distances// large gun used in military combat
earliest artillery introduced in 14th century
includes canons mortars, etc
fort sill oklahoma is the home of field artillery
provides advantages
Chemical Warfare
using toxic chemicals as weapons (primarily used in war to kill/harm enemies)
used gasses like mustard gas and chlorine gas
the first large scale use was in ww1 (first major use was in 1915 by the Germans)
used in battle fields in Europe
marked a new level of brutality in warfare, caused widespread torture
The Tank
first developed in 1915 by France but developed by British engineers // first used in 1916 in the battle of the somme
a big and heavy armed military vehicle designed for combat and to crawl over trenches
revolutionized ground warfare by breaking trench warfare and is a key role in modern military
The Airplane
made by the wright brothers in 1903
powered flying vehicle
first flight was in december of 1903 in north carolina
quickly spread worldwide for travel militart and cargo use
revolutionized a new and quicker way for traveling
was a crucial advantage in ww1 by allowing commanders to see beyond their enemys trenches and make better and strategic combat decisions
mass produced in ww1
Trench Warfare
a type of combat where armies fight from deep ditches
trenches were dug by soldiers to protect themselves and turned into little underground cities
notable on the western front but used all throughout ww1
significant because no one really had an advantage and it was more fair combat and lead to prolonged fighting
barbed wire
type of wire with sharp points/barbs on it
invented in 1873 by Joseph glidden
first used in the US but spread worldwide especially in militaries
used in trench warfare during WWI and significant because it was a good defense tactic to keep things out of the trenches
War on 2 Fronts
involves a country or alliance fighting against 2 diff enemies simultaneously// Germany did this in WWI and in ww2
referenced in ww1 because germany did it
can happen bc of strategic interests, alliances, or being surrounded by enemies
Battle of Verdun
major and prolonged battle during ww1
germany attacks france and they attempted to break through french defenses
one of longest battles in ww1
Februrary 21-dec 18 in 1916
in northeastern france
goal was to make france divert troops away from other fronts
significant bc a symbol of french resistance and sacrifice
Battle of the Somme
one of if not the deadliest battle in ww1
british empier and french vs germany
many casualties and extensive trench warfare
July 1-Nov 18 in 1916
fought in the Somme river region in northern france
goal was to weaken german forces especially during verdun battle
The Eastern Front
a major theatre of combat during ww1
Central powers vs the allied powers
lasted the entire duration of ww1
stretched across eastern Europe to western Russia
largest and most defensive theatre of combat
The schlieffen plan
military strategy designed to avoid a 2 front war by defeating france and russia
alfred von schlieffen a german militart strategist → was a german strategy
created in 1905 implemented in 1914 for ww1
germany ddint want war on 2 fronts and wanted quick victories
innovative strategy but greatly failed
Isolationism
a policy avoiding involvment in international conflicts, alliances, etc
Prominent in the us and the us did this majority of ww1 until 1917
strongest from late 18th century to mid 20th century
allowed domestic issues to be focused on
The Treaty of Versailles
allied powers vs germany
was a peace treaty that officially ended ww1
signed on June 28 1919 → exactly 5 years after franz died
at the palace of versailles
formally ended ww1
propaganda
information/rumors/ideas spread to influence public opinion/behavior and sometimes lies involved
done by govs, political parties, organization, people and was prominent during wars like ww1
notable in the 20th century
global
significant bc it was a tool for influence and political power and persuasion
The fourteen points
made by us president woodrow wilson
a proposal for just and lasting peace after ww1
made janurary 8, 1918
delivered in a speech to the us congress
significant bc it served as a foundational blueprint for peace at the treaty of versailles
unrestricted submarine warfare
a military strategy where submarines (u-boats) were used to sink any ship including civilian ones
violated traditional rules of naval warfare
germany did this in ww1
notable during ww1 and ww2
primarily in Atlantic ocean and north sea
germany did this to hopefully weaken allies
U-boat
submarines used for naval warfare
beginning of 1914 first used
krupp and howaldt built them for germany
mainly used in atlantic ocean
germanys only weapon against british blockade
The zimmerman telegram
arthur zimmerman
a secret telegram from germany to Mexico saying they’ll be allies and get Arizona and texas back if us entered ww1 against Germany
jan it was sent and februrary it was intercepted
pushed US to declare war on germany in April 1917
The western front
another major theatre of ww1 with a lot of trench warfare
duration of ww1 (1914-1918)
primarily in France and belgium (stretched from english channel to swiss border)
was the decisive battlefield where the allied forces wanted to break through the german defenses and make germany surrender
Armistice Day
the day that marked the end of fighting in ww1→ an armistice was signed
nov 11 1918
allied powers, and germany
northern france
to end the fighting on the western front
League of nations
international organization aimed at promoting peace and preventing future wars
created by the allied powers after ww1
established in 1920 after signing the treaty of versailles
headquarters in geneva