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Anxiety Disorders
Involve excessive fear, worry, or nervousness.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Chronic worry about various life aspects without focus.
Specific Phobia
Intense, irrational fear of specific objects or situations.
Panic Disorder
Recurrent panic attacks with intense fear and symptoms.
Social Anxiety Disorder
Fear of social situations and judgment from others.
Mood Disorders
Disturbances in emotional regulation and mood.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Depressed mood or anhedonia lasting at least two weeks.
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
Chronic low-grade depression lasting at least two years.
Bipolar II Disorder
Episodes of major depression and hypomania.
Bipolar I Disorder
Episodes of major depression and full-blown mania.
Double Depression
Co-occurrence of MDD and PDD.
Cyclothymia
Chronic mood instability with hypomanic and depressive symptoms.
Exposure Therapy
Gradual exposure to feared situations to reduce anxiety.
Interoceptive Exposure
Inducing panic symptoms in a controlled environment.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Helps challenge excessive worry in GAD treatment.
Equifinality
Different factors can lead to the same mental health outcome.
Fight or Flight Response
Sympathetic system prepares body for stress response.
Parasympathetic System
Restores calm after a threat has passed.
Beck's Cognitive Triad
Negative thoughts about self, world, and future.
Cognitive Distortions
Faulty thinking patterns contributing to negative thoughts.
Depressive Attributional Styles
Attributing failures to internal, stable, and global factors.
HPA Axis
Involved in stress responses; dysregulated in MDD and anxiety.
Cortisol
Stress hormone linked to anxiety and depression.
Amygdala
Brain region responsible for fear processing.
Classical Conditioning
Fears develop from pairing neutral stimuli with trauma.
Operant Conditioning
Avoidance behavior reinforced by anxiety relief.
Observational Learning
Fears learned by observing others' fearful responses.
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure in previously enjoyable activities.
Biological Treatments for Depression
Includes SSRIs, SNRIs, tricyclics, and ECT.
Learned Helplessness
Feeling unable to control environment leads to depression.
Suicide Risk Factors
Highest risk in young adults, especially with mental illness.
Fear vs. Anxiety
Fear is acute; anxiety is prolonged worry.
Biological Preparedness
Predisposition to fear certain stimuli for survival.
Panic Attacks
Sudden, intense episodes of fear with physical symptoms.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in MDD
Focuses on changing negative thought patterns.
Emotions vs. Moods
Emotions are short-lived; moods are prolonged states.
Three Component Model of Emotion
Involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Valence and Arousal States
Valence indicates positivity/negativity; arousal indicates intensity.
Triple Vulnerability Model
Genetic, early experiences, and learning increase anxiety risk.
Neuroticism
Tendency to experience negative emotions; a risk factor.
Jiayin Lecture
Discussed social media's impact on mental health.
