Chapter 6 - Early Childhood: The Social World

These flashcards cover key concepts from Chapter 6 on early childhood development, focusing on emotional growth, psychosocial conflicts, gender roles, motivation, play types, parenting styles, maltreatment, and moral development.

Emotion Development

Ability to control when and how emotions are expressed; a primary psychological task between ages 2 and 6.

Erikson's Stages of Development

A theory comprising eight stages, each characterized by a psychosocial conflict that contributes to a basic virtue.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third psychosocial crisis where children assert control through directing play and feel pride or guilt about their successes.

Sex Differences

Biological differences between males and females, identified at birth, including organs, hormones, and body shape.

Gender Differences

Cultural roles and behaviors assigned to males and females, which individuals can choose as their gender identity.

Intrinsic Motivation

Drive to pursue a goal that comes from within a person.

Extrinsic Motivation

Drive to pursue a goal arising from external rewards or recognition.

Types of Play

Various categories of play including solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative play defined by the level of interaction among children.

Active Play

Play that mimics aggression through activities like wrestling and chasing, facilitating social understanding.

Moral Development

The process of emotional and social maturation forming the basis for morality, balancing nature and nurture influences.

Prosocial Behavior

Extending kindness and helpfulness without expectation of benefit, increasing with maturity and beginning with empathy.

Baumrind’s Styles of Caregiving

A model defining four parenting styles based on warmth, discipline, communication, and expectations.

Authoritarian Parenting

A parenting style with high behavioral standards and strict punishment but little communication.

Permissive Parenting

A parenting style characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline or control.

Authoritative Parenting

A balanced parenting style where parents set limits but also listen and are flexible with their children.

Neglectful/Uninvolved Parenting

A parenting style where parents are indifferent and unaware of their children's lives.

Child Maltreatment

Intentional harm or avoidable endangerment of a person under the age of 18.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A condition some maltreated children may experience, showing signs of emotional and behavioral damage.

Consequences of Maltreatment

Long-lasting effects, including hostile perceptions and social deficits in neglected or mistreated children.

Developmental Milestones

Key skills or behaviors that most children can perform by a certain age, indicating healthy development.

Social Development

The process by which children learn to interact with others and develop social relationships.

Cognitive Development

How children learn, think, and understand the world around them.

Self-Regulation

The ability to manage one's emotions, behaviors, and body movement when faced with a challenge.

Play-based Learning

An educational approach that uses play as a medium to foster children's learning and development.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage our own emotions, and to recognize, understand, and influence the emotions of others.

Attachment Theory

A psychological model that describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans, primarily focusing on the bonds formed between caregivers and children.

Resilience in Children

The capacity of children to respond to stress and adversity, often leading to improved coping mechanisms and better emotional health.

Language Development

The process through which children come to understand and communicate language during early childhood.

Peer Relationships

Interactions and connections with other children, crucial for social and emotional development.

Discipline Techniques

Methods used by parents or caregivers to teach children acceptable behaviors and self-control.

Self-Concept

An individual's perception of themselves, influenced by social interactions and personal experiences.

Cultural Influences on Development

How a child's environment, including cultural norms and values, affects their growth and behavior.

Gender Identity

A personal conception of oneself as male, female, a blend of both, or neither, influenced by various social factors.

Family Dynamics

The patterns of interaction and relationships between family members, impacting children's development.

Childhood Anxiety Disorders

Psychological conditions characterized by excessive fear or worry in children.

Identity Formation

The development of a distinct personality and sense of self, influenced by social interactions.

Bystander Effect

A social psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.

Empathy Development

The process through which children learn to understand and share the feelings of others.

Aggression in Childhood

Behaviors that can cause physical or emotional harm to others, often requiring intervention.

Critical Periods in Development

Specific times during a child's development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned.

Learning Disabilities

Neurological disorders that affect the brain's ability to receive, process, or communicate information.

Effect of Technology on Development

The impact of media and technology usage on children's social, emotional, and cognitive growth.

Positive Reinforcement

A technique used to encourage desired behaviors by providing a rewarding stimulus.

Stereotyping and Prejudice

Overgeneralized beliefs about particular groups, which can negatively affect children's social interactions.

Parental Involvement in Education

The active participation of parents in their children's educational experiences, promoting better academic outcomes.