9th grade Biology chapter 10

units of calories

How is energy stored in food?

calorie

amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

Calorie

measurement used on food labels and contains 1000 calories.

-Carbohydrates & proteins contain approximately 4 Calories of energy per gram.

How many calories do carbohydrates & proteins contain?

Fat contains approximately 9 Calories of energy per gram

How many calories do Fats contain?

cellular respiration

process of energy conversion that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen. Uses oxygen to release energy from food.

False: Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration are opposite processes.

Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide FROM the atmosphere & Cellular Respiration puts carbon dioxide INTO the atmosphere

T/F: Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration are thought to be similar in their processes.

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle

Electron transport Oxygen & Energy: Aerobic pathways require O2 and Anaerobic pathways do NOT require O2.

What are the stages of Cellular Respiration?

Aerobic respiration

Which pathways during Cellular Respiration require oxygen?

Anaerobic respiration

Which pathways during Cellular Respiration do NOT require oxygen?

glycolysis

"sugar breaking"; a chemical pathway where a small amount of energy is captured to produce ATP. 1 molecule of glucose (6 carbons) split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3 carbons each).

False

T/F: Glycolysis requires Oxygen.

Krebs Cycle

2nd stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid enter the mitochondria from glycolysis & is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

Electron Transport

3rd & final stage of glycolysis; requires reactants from the other 2 stages of the process. This stage of glycolysis requires oxygen.

fermentation

process in which cells produce ATP in the absence of oxygen.

alcoholic fermentation

yeasts & a few other microorganisms (bacteria) use this process to produce ethyl alcohol & carbon dioxide.

lactic acid fermentation

most organisms (animals) carry out fermentation using a chemical reaction that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid.

lactic acid

accumulates in muscles & causes muscle cramps.

Just to know

*Humans use lactic acid fermentation. Muscle cells use it more often. For short, quick bursts of energy, the body uses ATP already in muscles as well as ATP made by lactic acid fermenatation.

True

T/F: For exercise longer than about 90 seconds, cellular respiration is the only way to continue generating a supply of ATP.