Social Science Lecture Handout

Flashcards covering the 'Social Science Lecture Handout', including periods of history, ancient civilizations, world religions, human rights, geography, and political science.

Paleolithic

Derived from the Greek words palaios meaning 'old' and lithos meaning 'stone', this period occurred from $2.5M - 8000BC$ and is known for the discovery of fire.

Neolithic

Derived from the Greek words neos meaning 'new' and lithos meaning 'stone', this period ($8000BC - 3000BC$) followed the disappearance of Cro-Magnon Man and was marked by the invention of dugouts.

Cuneiform

The earliest system of writing, invented by the Sumerians of Mesopotamia in $3500 BC$, meaning 'wedge-form'.

Hieroglyphics

The writing system of the ancient Egyptians, meaning 'sacred signs'.

Mesopotamia

Meaning 'land between two rivers', it is known as the Cradle of Civilization and the birthplace of history.

Hammurabi Code

A list of $282$ specific laws written by the ruler Hammurabi ($1792-1750 BC$), which applied the principle of retaliation ('an eye for an eye').

Sexagesimal system

A mathematical system based on counting by $60s$, under which a minute has $60$ seconds, an hour has $60$ minutes, and a circle has $360^{\circ}$.

Rosetta Stone

A polished black stone discovered in $1799$ inscribed with a message in three languages, which allowed French scholar Jean Francois Champollion to break the code of hieroglyphics.

Brahmins

The priest class in the Hindu caste system (varnas).

Siddhartha Gautama

A Hindu prince ($563 - 483 BC$) who founded Buddhism and later became known as the Buddha, or 'the enlightened one'.

Analects

The collection of short and witty sayings treating moral values and good human relations written by Confucius ($551 – 479 BC$).

Sericulture

The silk industry introduced by Ancient China that revolutionized clothing.

Monotheism

The belief in only one God, first practiced in history by the Jews.

Polis

The main focus of ancient Greek life, meaning 'city-state', representing a political and social unit.

Direct Democracy

A government form invented by the Greeks where the state is ruled by citizens and majority rule decides the vote.

Parthenon

A magnificent marble temple on the Acropolis in Athens, considered the finest example of Greek architecture.

Hippocrates

Known as the 'Father of Medicine', he described many diseases and treatments in a scientific manner in over $70$ books.

Socratic Dialectic

A method of reasoning by questions and answers mastered by Socrates.

Pax Romana

A period of Roman Peace during the reign of the Good Emperors ($96 – 180 AD$) characterized by economic prosperity and good government.

Jurisprudence

The study of law, originating in Rome, which serves as the basis of modern legal systems.

Feudalism

A socio-political economic system in Medieval Europe characterized by a manorial system, chivalry, and knighthood.

The Renaissance

A period from the $14th – 16th$ century meaning 'rebirth' or 'reawakening' of learning, originating in Italy.

Martin Luther

The German leader of the Protestant Reformation who nailed his Ninety-five Theses to the church door at Wittenberg on $31 Oct 1517$.

Magna Carta

The 'Great Charter' signed in $1215 AD$ by King John of England, establishing that no one, including the king, can overrule the rights of the people.

Nationalism

One of the underlying causes of World War I, described as a desire to be a free nation that can degenerate into jingoism or chauvinism.

Ma-i

An historical name for the Philippines meaning 'country of the Blacks', with Mindoro as its center in early Chinese records.

Rajah

A title for a king or princely ruler from Kshatriya/Rajput lineages in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

Encomiendas

Rewards given to Spaniards who helped in the pacification of the Philippines, empowering them to collect taxes and protect natives.

Galeon Trade

The monopoly of goods from colonies between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico, during the Spanish occupation.

Propaganda Movement

A campaign for reforms by the Filipino middle class including figures like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena.

Katipunan

A secret society founded by Andres Bonifacio on $July 7, 1892$, with the goal of securing Philippine independence by force.

Sovereignty

Considered the 'soul' of a state, implying independence from external interference and the maintenance of internal integrity.

Police Power

The inherent power of the state to regulate an individual's rights and property for the general welfare.

Eminent Domain

The power of the state to take possession of private property for public purpose after the payment of just compensation.

De Jure

A form of government founded on an existing legal or constitutional basis.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

A legal writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge to ensure they are not being held unlawfully.

Impeachment

A method of national inquest into the conduct of public men to protect against official delinquencies or malfeasance.

Quo Warranto

A Latin term meaning 'by what authority', used to resolve disputes over whether a person has the legal right to hold a specific public office.

Economics

Derived from the Greek word oikonomia, it is the study of how scarce resources are allocated to fulfill infinite consumer wants.

Inflation

A continuing rise in the general price level usually attributed to an increase in the volume of money and credit relative to available goods.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of everything produced by all people and companies within a country's boundaries.

Cartography

The study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface.

Mount Everest

The highest point in Asia and the world, reaching an elevation of $29,029 ft$ in Nepal.

Vatican City

The world's smallest sovereign state, with a population of around $1,000$ people.

Torah

The most holy Jewish book containing the five books revealed to Moses by God on Mount Sinai.

The Five Pillars of Islam

The five mandatory duties for Muslims: Faith (Shahadah), Prayer (Salah), Alms (Zakat), Fasting (Saum), and Pilgrimage (Hajj).