Sports Medicine Exam 2

strain

internal changes in tissue resulting in deformation (the deformation that occurs = strain)

• change in the property

stress

internal resistance of tissue to an external load

load

an external force acting on the body causing internal reactions within the tissues

stiffness

• ability of a tissue to resist a load

• great stiffness = greater magnitude load can resist

emergency

mechanical injury

when a force applied to any part of the body results in a harmful disturbance in structure or function

ex: fracture, sprain

trauma

physical injury or wound produced by an internal or external force

ex: bruise, cut

contusion

• AKA: bruise

• result of sudden blow to the body

• can be deep or superficial

• hematoma results from blood and lymph flowing into surrounding tissue

  • speed of healing is dependent on the extent of damage

• chronically inflamed and contused tissue may result in generation of calcium deposits (myositis ossifcans)

  • prevention? protect the contused area with padding

  • TX?: ice, compression

conductivity

signal for a muscle to contract spreads throughout the muscle

irritability

can respond to a stimulus

elasticity

property of tissue that allows it to return to normal after deformation

contractibility

ability to forcefully shorten

referred pain

atrophy

wasting away of muscle due to immobilization, inactivity, or loss of nerve functioning

etiology

cause of injury or disease

sign

objective, definitive, and obvious indivator of specific condition

symptom

perceptible changes in the body or function that indivdate injury or illness (subjective)

ex: pain in the knee while on the stairs

glucometer

• handheld device used to determine the approximate concerntration of glucose in the blood

• commonly used by patient who have hypoglycemia or diabetes

types of diagnostic tests

• bone scan

• MRI

• CT scan

• X ray

bone scan

• involves intravenous introduction of radioactive tracer

• used to image bony lesions (i.e. stress fractures) in which there is inflammation

• BEST way to diagnose a stress fracture

MRI

• magnetic resonance imaging

• using a powerful electromagnet, magnetic current focuses on hydorgen atoms in water and aligns them

• after current shuts off, atoms continue to spin, emitting different levels of energy depending on tissue type, thereby creating different images

• clearer than a CT scan

CT scan

• penetrates body with a thin, fan-shaped X-ray beam

• produces cross-sectional view of tissues

• allows multiple viewing angles

• lots of radiation exposure

X ray

• small amount of radiation

• only shows bone

tendon

connect muscle to bone

ligament

connect bone to bone

bone functions

planes of the body

• sagittal

• transverse

• frontal

movement in the sagittal plane

flexion/extension

movement in the transverse plane

rotation

movement in the frontal plane

abduction/adduction

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

afferent pain theory

efferent pain theory

gate theory

nociceptor

how many cranial nerves are there?

12

aspetic necrosis

osteochondrosis

anoxia

synovitis

tendinitis

• Gradual onset, with diffuse tenderness due to repeated microtrauma and degenerative changes. overuse injury

• inflammation of the tendon

• obvious signs of swelling and pain

• creptius

• sticking of tendon due to accumulation of inflammatory by-products on irritated tissue (crunchy sounds)

• key to treatment is rest

• TX: may require substitution of activity to maintain fitness without stressing injured structure. REST, ice, gentle ROM, and PRE

tendinosis

• breakdown of a tendon without inflammation

• without proper healing, it may begin to degenerate and result in tendinosis

• S/S: less inflammation and more visibly swollen with stiffness and restricted motion

• sometimes a tend lump will appear

• more commin in middle to older aged patients

• TX: stretching and streghtening, modalites to decrease pain/swelling

tenosynovitis

toxemia

severs

osgood-schlatter

salter-harris

wolff

different types of fractures

subluxation

contracture

ecchymosis

crepitus

neuropraxia

HIPS

history, inspection, palpation, special tests

HOPS

history, observation, palpation, and special tests

SOAP notes

• record keeping can be performed systematically using SOAP note format

• outline subjective and objective findings as well well immediate and future plans

• allow for subjective and objective information, assessment, and development of a plan to be implemented

• subjective, objective, assessment, plan

phases of healing

cardinal signs of inflammation

acute onset soreness

delayed muscle soreness

psotural exercises

prolotherapy

PRP cortisone injections

iontophoresis