interwar years primary source

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27 Terms

1
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“Things fall apart; the center cannot hold;”

the second coming

2
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  • “The best lack all conviction, while the worst

Are full of passionate intensity.”

the second coming

3
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  • “And what rough beast, its hour come round at last.

Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?”

the second coming

4
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  • We are the Hollow Men

We are the stuffed men

Leaning together 

Headpiece filled with straw. Alas!

the hollow men

5
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  • This is the dead land

This is cactus land

Here the stone images

Are raised, here they receive 

The supplication of a dead man’s hand

Under the twinkle of a fading star.

the hollow men

6
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  • This is the way the world ends

This is the way the world ends

This is the way the world ends

Not with a vang but a whimper

the hollow men

7
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  • “It thus repudiates the doctrine of Pacifism - - born of a renunciation of the struggle and an act of cowardice in the face of sacrifice. War alone brings up to its highest tension all human energy and puts the stamp of nobility upon the peoples who have courage to meet it. All other trials are substitutes, which  never really put men into the position where they have to make the great decision- - the alternative of life or death…

what is fasism

8
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  • “[He] the Fascist accepts life and loves it…he rather conceives of life as duty and struggle and conquest, but above all for others- - those who are at hand and those who are far distant, contemporaries, and those who will come after…

what its fascism

9
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  • “Fascism, now and always, believes in holiness and in heroism; that is to say, in actions influenced by no economic motive, direct or indirect….And above all Fascism denies that class-war can be the preponderant force in the transformation of society.”

what is fascism

10
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“After Socialism, Fascism combats the whole complex system of democratic ideology, and repudiates it, whether in its theoretical premises or in its practical application. Fascism denies that the majority, by the simple fact that is a majority, can direct human society. It denies that numbers alone can govern by means of a periodical consultation, and it affirms the immutable, beneficial, and fruitful inequality of mankind, which can never be permanently leveled through the mere operation of a mechanical process such as universal suffrage.”

what is fascism

11
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“The Fascist State organizes the nation, but leaves a sufficient margin of liberty to the individual; the latter is deprived of all useless and possibly harmful freedom, but retains what is essential; the deciding power in this question cannot be the individual but the State alone…”

what is fascism

12
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  • “Thus the highest purpose of a volkist State is concern for the preservation of those original racial elements which bestow culture and create the beauty and dignity of a higher mankind. We, as Aryans, can conceive of the State only as the living organism of a Volk, which not only assures the preservation of this personality, but the development of its spiritual and ideal abilities leads to the highest freedom.”

mein kampf

13
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“The German Reich as a State must embrace all Germans and has the task, not only of assembling and preserving the most valuable  stocks of basic racial elements in this people, but slowly  and surely of raising them to a dominant position...In general, Nature herself usually makes certain corrective decisions with regard to the racial purity of earthly creatures. She has little love for bastards.  Especially the first products of such cross-breeding, say in the third, fourth, and fifth generation, suffer bitterly. Not only is the value of the originally highest element of the cross-breeding  taken from them, but with their lack of blood unity they also lack unity of will-power and determination to live.”

mein kampf

14
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  • “If, for example, an individual specimen of a certain race were to enter into a union with a racially lower specimen, the result would at first be a lowering of the standard in itself; but, in addition, there would be a weakening of the offspring as compared to the environment that had remained racially unmixed.”

mein kampf

15
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  •  “Here the state must act as the guardian of a millenial future  in the face of which the wishes and selfishness  of the individual must appear as nothing and submit.  It must put the most modern medical means  in the service of this knowledge.  It must declare unfit for propagation all who are in any way visibly  sick or who have inherited a disease and can therefore pass it on, and put this into actual practice.”

mein kampf

16
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“The idea of struggle is as old as life itself, for life is only preserved because other living things perish through struggle...In this struggle, the stronger, the more able to, win, while the less able, the weak lose. Struggle is the father of all things. Only through struggle has man raised himself above the animal world.  Even today it is not by the principles of humanity that man lives or is able to preserve himself above the animal world, but solely by means of the most brutal struggle.  As it is with the individual so it is in the destiny of nations.  Only by struggle are the strong able to raise themselves above the weak.  And every people that loses out in this eternally shifting struggle has, according to the laws of nature, received its just dessert.”

mein kampf

17
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graph

German hyperinflation

18
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“By the autumn of 1923 the currency had virtually broken down.  Cities and even individual businesses would print their own notes, secured by food stocks, or even the objects the money was printed on. Notes were issued on leather, porcelain, even lace, with the idea that the object itself was a guarantee of the value of the “coin.”  It was a view of the relationship between monetary and real value that took one back five-hundred years.  Germany had become a barter society; the Middle Ages had returned.”

the German inflation

19
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 “A pound of butter attained “fantastic value.”  It could purchase a pair of boots, trousers made to measure, a portrait, a semester’s schooling, or even love. A young girl stayed out late one night while her parents waited up anxiously.  When she came in at four in the morning, her mother prevented her father from taking a strap to her by showing him the pound of butter that she had “earned.”

the German inflation

20
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  • “Germany was suddenly infested with foreigners.  It has been suggested that the English actually sent their unemployed  out and put them up in hotels in Germany because it was cheaper than paing out the dole.  Alec Swan stayed with his family in a pension in Bonn.  They moved to Germany because there was so much cheaper there…Foreigners acquired antiques and and object de valeur (valuables) at rock bottom prices.”

the German inflation

21
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“The spectacle of foreigners of all nations, living grotesquely well and eating beyond their fill in the middle of an impoverished and starving Germany did not encourage the Germans to rally to the cause of pacifism and internationalism.  The apparent resound of their inflation was there for all to see, [French and Belgian troops] occupying the Ruhr.”

the German inflation

22
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  • “The surface manifestations of inflation were unnerving enough, but its effect upon behavior, values and morals were to reach very deep indeed, persisting for years after the stabilization of the mar, right up to the moment when Hitler came to power.  The middle class- civil servants, professional men, academics- which had stood for stability, social respectability, cultural continuity, and constituted a conservative and restraining influence was wiped out.”

the German inflation

23
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  • “Traditional middle-class morality disappeared overnight. People of good family cohabited and had illegitimate children.  The impossibility of making a marriage economically secure apparently led to the disappearance of marriage itself. Germany in 1923 was a hundred years away from those stable middle class values that Thomas Mann depicted in The Magic Mountain, set in a period scarcely ten years before. Pearl Buck wrote that “Love was old-fashioned, sex was modern.” It was the Nazis who restored the “right to love” in their propaganda.”

the German inflation

24
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  • “Inflation was also taken as evidence that the old order was morally and practically bankrupt. Capitalism had failed to guarantee the security of its citizens. It had benefited speculators, hustlers, con-men and factory owners. It had spawned Hugo Stinnes [who had used the inflation to buy more than 1500 businesses], but had done nothing for the common good. The need for an alternative system appeared universally self-evident, and until one came along the thing to do was to enjoy oneself, drink away grandma’s capital, or exchange one’s clothes for cocaine: a dinner jacket got you four grams, a[tuxedo] eight.”

the German inflation

25
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  • “Inflation and the despair that it created also acted as the catalyst of aggression. It was at this time that anti-Semitism began to appear in Berlin.  An attractive German lady remembers walking through a prosperous suburb with a Jewish friend when someone called to her on the street, “Why do you go around with a Jew? Get yourself a good German man.”

the German inflation

26
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  • “Raise the flag! The ranks tightly closed!

The SA marches with calm, steady step.

Comrades shot by the Red Front and reactionaries

March in spirit within our ranks.


die horst Wessel lied

27
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  • “Clear the streets for the brown battalions,

Clear the streets for the storm division!

Millions are looking upon the swastika full of hope,

The day of freedom and bread dawns!


die horst wessel lied