bio 20 11.1

Blood

A specialized connective tissue with diverse components.

Components of Blood

Three main parts: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes.

Blood

A specialized connective tissue with diverse components.

Components of Blood

Three main parts: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes.

Plasma

Liquid portion of blood, 90% water, 10% proteins.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport.

Hemoglobin

Protein in erythrocytes that carries oxygen.

Leucocytes

White blood cells involved in immune response.

WBC Formation

New white blood cells form in bone marrow.

Granulocytes

Type of WBC with granules in cytoplasm.

Macrophages

WBC that engulfs and digests pathogens.

Eosinophils

WBC that targets parasites and allergens.

Basophils

WBC that releases histamines during allergic reactions.

Lymphocytes

WBC that produces B and T cells.

Platelets

Cell fragments aiding in blood clotting.

Blood Functions

Transports nutrients, gases, and waste products.

Albumins

Plasma proteins that maintain osmotic pressure.

Globulins

Plasma proteins involved in immune functions.

Fibrinogens

Plasma proteins essential for blood clotting.

Bone Marrow

Tissue where blood cells are produced.

Blood Replacement Cycle

Erythrocytes replaced every 120-130 days.

Distribution

Process of delivering substances throughout the body.

Transporting Waste

Moving waste from cells to elimination sites.

Transporting Nutrients

Distributing essential nutrients to body cells.

Regulation

Maintaining stable internal conditions in the body.

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels to regulate blood flow.

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow.

Blood Buffers

Proteins that stabilize blood pH levels.

Bicarbonate Reservoir

Storage of bicarbonate ions in blood for balance.

Fluid Balance

Maintaining adequate fluid levels in circulation.

Protection

Defending the body against harmful agents.

Immune System Defense

Mechanisms that protect against foreign invaders.

Anemia

Condition of insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin.

Iron Deficiency

Lack of iron leading to reduced hemoglobin production.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Genetic disorder causing abnormal red blood cells.

Leukemia

Cancer of blood-forming tissues with abnormal white blood cells.

WBC Function

White blood cells protect against infections.

Hemophilia

Disorder preventing normal blood clotting.

Clotting Agents

Substances used to promote blood coagulation.

Homeostasis in Clotting

Preventing excessive bleeding through clot formation.

Injury Response

Body's mechanism to repair damaged blood vessels.

Platelet Rupture

Releases substances to initiate clotting process.

Thromboplastin

Activates prothrombin with calcium and plasma factors.

Prothrombin

Converted into thrombin during the clotting cascade.

Thrombin

Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

Fibrin

Protein that forms a mesh to stabilize clots.

Clot Blockage

Prevents oxygen and nutrients to local tissues.

Embolism

Clot that travels and lodges in vital organs.

Blood Transfusion

Transfer of blood from one individual to another.

Antigens

Markers on red blood cells identifying blood type.

Antibodies

Proteins that attack incompatible blood types.

Type A Blood

Contains A antigens and anti-B antibodies.

Type B Blood

Contains B antigens and anti-A antibodies.

Type AB Blood

Universal recipient with both A and B antigens.

Type O Blood

Universal donor with no A or B antigens.

Rh Factor

Antigen that determines positive or negative blood type.

Rh+

Presence of Rh factor on red blood cells.

Rh-

Absence of Rh factor; does not produce antibodies.

Rh Pregnancy Risk

Rh- mother risks complications with Rh+ second child.

Blood Type Frequencies

Distribution of blood types in different populations.