Lithosphere Key

CRUST

The outermost layer of the Earth.

MANTLE

The largest layer of Earth.

OUTER CORE

The layer of Earth that is liquid.

INNER CORE

The innermost layer of the Earth.

CONTINENTAL CRUST

Has the continents on it, is older, thicker, and less dense.

OCEANIC CRUST

Underneath the oceans, is younger, thinner, and more dense.

Temperature change inside Earth

It gets hotter.

Pressure change inside Earth

Pressure increases.

ALFRED WEGENER

The scientist that came up with the idea of Continental Drift.

Evidence of Continental Drift

Coastlines fit, fossils of animals that couldn't fly or swim across oceans, age and pattern of rocks and mountains, evidence of glaciers and coral/coal in places with incompatible climate.

Plate Tectonics

All of the continents/oceans sit on large pieces of crust called plates that move on the mantle and get pushed apart.

PANGAEA

The last supercontinent.

Convection currents in the mantle

Causes the shifting of the plates.

Magnetism and seafloor spreading

Shows a mirrored pattern of polarity in the iron in the rock.

DIVERGENT boundary

Where crust is created.

CONVERGENT boundary

Where crust is destroyed.

MID OCEAN RIDGES AND RIFT VALLEYS

Features found at a divergent boundary.

VOLCANOES AND MOUNTAINS

Features found at a convergent boundary.

EARTHQUAKES

Features found at a transform boundary.

COMPRESSION

Type of stress causing reverse faults.

TENSION

Type of stress causing normal faults.

SHEARING

Type of stress causing strike-slip faults.

HANGING WALL

The block of crust above the fault line.

FOOTWALL

The block of crust below the fault line.

Richter scale

Measures the energy released in an earthquake.

Magnitude 8.0 earthquake

32 times stronger than a magnitude 7.0 earthquake.

P-wave

First to arrive, has a pushing motion.

S-wave

Second to arrive, has an up and down motion.

Surface waves

Seismic waves that have reached the surface.

Seismograph

Instrument that records and detects earthquakes.

Epicenter

Point on the surface where the earthquake is felt first.

Focus

Point underground where the earthquake originates.

Lava

Magma that is on the surface.

Magma

Molten rock that is underground.

Hotspot volcano

A volcano in the middle of a tectonic plate that forms as the plate moves over a warmer spot of the mantle.