Chapter 1: Biological Classification and Diversity

Macromolecules

Large molecules essential for life, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often serving as energy sources; examples include sugars and starches.

Lipids

Diverse hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids; important for energy storage and cell membrane structure.

Proteins

Large organic molecules made of amino acids, which perform a vast array of functions including catalyzing metabolic reactions and providing structural support.

Nucleic Acids

Biopolymers (DNA and RNA) that store and transmit genetic information and play a role in protein synthesis.

Plasma Membrane

A biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the external environment.

Taxonomy

The science of classification of living organisms based on shared characteristics.

Binomial Nomenclature

A two-part naming system for organisms, consisting of the genus name followed by the species name, italicized.

Phylogenetic Tree

A diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.

Basal Taxon

A lineage that evolved early from the root of the phylogenetic tree and remains unbranched.

Sister Taxa

Two groups or species that share a recent common ancestor, represented by one common node in a phylogenetic tree.

Clade

A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants, represented on a phylogenetic tree.