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Macromolecules
Large molecules essential for life, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often serving as energy sources; examples include sugars and starches.
Lipids
Diverse hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids; important for energy storage and cell membrane structure.
Proteins
Large organic molecules made of amino acids, which perform a vast array of functions including catalyzing metabolic reactions and providing structural support.
Nucleic Acids
Biopolymers (DNA and RNA) that store and transmit genetic information and play a role in protein synthesis.
Plasma Membrane
A biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the external environment.
Taxonomy
The science of classification of living organisms based on shared characteristics.
Binomial Nomenclature
A two-part naming system for organisms, consisting of the genus name followed by the species name, italicized.
Phylogenetic Tree
A diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.
Basal Taxon
A lineage that evolved early from the root of the phylogenetic tree and remains unbranched.
Sister Taxa
Two groups or species that share a recent common ancestor, represented by one common node in a phylogenetic tree.
Clade
A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants, represented on a phylogenetic tree.
