jenkins cases

Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

Bill of Rights applies only to the federal government; reinforced state sovereignty and later led to incorporation via the 14th Amendment;

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

State-sponsored school prayer is unconstitutional; strengthened separation of church and state under the Establishment Clause;

Everson v. New Jersey (1947)

Allowed transportation aid to religious schools; incorporated the Establishment Clause while affirming church–state separation;

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Amish families exempt from compulsory schooling past 8th grade; expanded Free Exercise protections over state interests;

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

States must provide attorneys to indigent defendants; incorporated the Sixth Amendment right to counsel;

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Upheld conviction but applied free speech to states; began First Amendment incorporation through the 14th Amendment;

Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

Death penalty constitutional with safeguards; reinstated capital punishment under regulated standards;

Furman v. Georgia (1972)

Arbitrary death penalty unconstitutional; forced states to revise capital punishment laws;

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

State aid to religious schools unconstitutional; established the Lemon Test for church–state cases;

Katz v. United States (1967)

Warrantless wiretaps violated the Fourth Amendment; created the reasonable expectation of privacy standard;

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Illegally obtained evidence excluded from state courts; incorporated the Exclusionary Rule;

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Police must inform suspects of rights; strengthened Fifth Amendment protections against self-incrimination;

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010)

Second Amendment applies to the states; incorporated individual gun rights via the 14th Amendment;

Near v. Minnesota (1931)

Prior restraint is unconstitutional; strongly protected freedom of the press;

New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

Public officials must prove actual malice in libel cases; expanded press freedom;

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Recognized a constitutional right to abortion later overturned; expanded privacy rights under Due Process;

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Speech posing a clear and present danger is unprotected; allowed wartime limits on speech;

Sherbert v. Verner (1963)

Denial of benefits burdened religious practice; created the Sherbert Test strengthening Free Exercise rights;

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Students retain First Amendment rights at school; limited only by substantial disruption;

New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)

School searches require reasonable suspicion; modified Fourth Amendment standards in schools;

Terry v. Ohio (1968)

Stop-and-frisk allowed with reasonable suspicion; expanded police authority within constitutional limits;

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

Flag burning is protected symbolic speech; reaffirmed broad First Amendment protections;

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)

Speech punishable only if inciting imminent lawless action; greatly strengthened free speech protections;

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

School segregation unconstitutional; overturned Plessy and advanced civil rights;

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Separate but equal upheld segregation; legitimized Jim Crow laws until overturned;

Palko v. Connecticut (1937)

Double jeopardy not incorporated later reversed; introduced selective incorporation doctrine;

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

Racial quotas unconstitutional but race may be considered; shaped affirmative action policy;

Chicago

Burlington & Quincy Railroad v. Chicago (1897)

Twining v. New Jersey (1908)

Self-incrimination not incorporated later reversed; reinforced selective incorporation framework;

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Gun-Free School Zones Act exceeded Commerce Clause power; limited federal authority and strengthened states’ rights;

303 Creative LLC v. Elenis (2023)

Government cannot compel expressive speech against beliefs; expanded First Amendment protections against compelled speech