Week 5 (Thursday) Social Development

Which to people are associated in the two pscyhoanalytic theories we discussed in class

frued and erickson

What are the 5 stages of freud’s psychoanalytic theories

1. Oral - Id

2. Anal - ego

3. Phallic - super ego

4. Latency - relative calm

5. Genital - puberty

describe the first stage of freud’s psychoanalytic theory

Hunger (0-1)

• id

• “pleasure principle

• immediate gratificaiton

describe the 2nd stage of freud’s psychoanalytic theory (1-3)

restraint

• ego

• sense of self

• in conflict with the ID

describe the 3d stage of freud’s psychoanalytic theory (3-6)

sexual desire

• super ego

• conscience

• drives guilt

describe the 4th stage of freud’s psychoanalytic theory

latency (6-12)

• relative calm

describe the 5th stage of freud’s psychoanalytic theory

genital (12+)

• sexual maturation

• puberty

According to freud, what happens when there is an unresolved conflict

it will be expressed unconsciously through the same fixation involved in that developmental stage

• ex. Unresolved oral fixation = substituted oral activities are

  fixated on, e.g., nail biting, overeating, smoking etc.

Describe the basics of Ericksons psychoanalytic theory

• Accepted basic elements of Freud’s theory; added social factors

• Cultural influences and contemporary issues

• Eight age-related developmental stages; specific crisis at each stage

• Stage resolution needed for growth

Describe the 5 stages (there are 8, we only care about the 5) of Ericksons psychoanalytic theory and the lasting conflicts that could result from each

1. Trust vs Mistrust (birth-1)

   • intimate relationship difficulties

2. Autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3 years)

   • self doubt

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6)

   • lack of conscience

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11)

   • excessive inadequacy and inferiority

5. Identity vs Role confusion (6-11)

   • who are you really? or live in a state of role confusion as a adult

What are the lasting impacts of both freud and Ericksons theories?

• Attachment theory (freud)

• cognitive science and neuroscience research of unconscious process (freud)

• importance of adolescence (erickson)

What are criticisms of freud and Ericksons theories?

• hypothesis are too vague to be tested

• many of the specific elements are highly questionable (esp freud)

Who are the 3 people associated with the social learning theories we learned in class?

watson, skinner, bandura

What are the commonalities of the social development theories

• they emphasize continuity over discontinuity

  • no qualitatively different developmental stage

• role of specific mechanisms of change

• learning theories are also central to child welfare

Watson’s theory of behaviorism (a type of social learning theory)

• children development determined by social environment via conditioning

• classical conditioning

• overly strict parenting advice

• “little Albert” gear of rats

Describe BF Skinner’s learning theory

• proposed that behavior is under environmental control.

• All behavior (every act) is an operant response influenced by the outcomes of past behavior.

  • Intermittent reinforcement

  • Behavior modification therapy (e.g., what do we do when a child is quiet?)

• For parents and teachers.

  • Attention as powerful reinforcer

  • Time-out/temporary isolation

Describe Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

• Most human learning inherently social in nature and based on observation of the behavior of other people

• Observational learning (cognitive processes)

  • Attention

  • Encoding

  • Storing

  • Retrieving

• In reciprocal determinism, child–environment influences operate in both directions - Active Child Concept

• BOBO doll experiment

What are current perspectives on learning theories?

• Learning theories

  • Derived from research in socialization, parental socialization, and practices

  • Led to practical applications like behavior modification

• Drawbacks

  • Focus on behavior, not brain or mind

  • Lack attention to biological influences

  • Minimize impact of perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language development

Which 3 people are associated with the social cognitive theories we discussed in class?

selman, dodge, Dweck

What are the commonalities across social cognitive theories?

believe that children:

• active processors of social information (active child)

• have the ability to think and reason about own and

  other people’s thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors

• Use self-socialization to shape their own development

  (individual differences)

What is Selman’s theory of role talking, what type of theory is it?

A social cognitive theory

• Young children’s social cognition is limited due to their

  inability to take on roles.

• As children become less egocentric in their reasoning, they

  are able to take multiple perspectives simultaneously.

What is Dodge’s theory of information processing theory of social problem solving, what type of theory is it?

• a social cognitive theory

• Dodge emphasized the crucial role of cognitive processes in

  social behavior.

  • Children use aggression as a problem-solving strategy.

  • Some children have a hostile attributional bias, a general expectation that others are antagonistic to them (self- fulfilling prophecy)

  • Intervention strategies: closely supervised, special

    classroom (not so good); FastTrack (better evidence).

What is Dwek’s theory of self attributions and achievement motivation? What type of theory is it?

A social cognitive theory

• According to Carol Dweck, children’s motivation is based on

  either

  • Learning goals: seeking to improve their competence and

    master new material (incremental view of intelligence)

  • Performance goals: seeking to receive positive

    assessments of their competence or to avoid negative

    assessments (entity view of intelligence)

What are current perspectives on social cognitive theories

• Children are active seekers of information about the social world

• Effect of social experience is influenced by their interpretations

• Supported by research

• Lack insight into biological factors in social development

Who are the two people associated with ecological theories we discussed in class?

Lorenz, bronfenbrenner

What are the commonalities of the ecological theories of development?

• children play an active role in their development

  • inherit genetic abilities and predispositions; adaptive

    function

  • Have an active role in selecting/influencing contexts

    determined by children’s personal characteristics

• Nature and nurture interact to bring about developmen

What is ethology? What type of theory is it related to?

• Related to ecological theories of development

• study of behavior within an evolutionary context

• attempts to understand behavior in terms of adaptive survival value

Describe Lorenez’s role in ecological theories

• father of modern ethology

• imprinting

• extension of concept to infant emotional attachment

Define evolutionary psychology. What type of thoery is it realted to?

• Ecological theories of development

• With the evolutionary history of our species, certain genes

  predisposed behavior.

• These behaviors solved adaptive challenges (obtaining food,

  avoiding predators, establishing social bonds).

• Behaviors improve their survival.

• They allowed them to mate and reproduce, passing along their

  genes

What is parental-investment theory? What type of theory is it?

• ecological theory of development

• stresses the evolutionary basis of many

  aspects of parental behavior

  • Includes the extensive investment parents make in their offspring

What is Bronfrenbrenner bioecoloical model? What theory is it associated with?

• ecological theory of development

• shows the context of development and all the interactions of all the spheres of a person’s life

What are the results of the sesame st study? What theory is it associated with?

• ecological theory of development

• Quality of television reception did not affect educational outcomes (as measured by age at grade level) before Sesame Street started broadcasting.

• However, after Sesame Street began airing, children living in counties with better television reception were 14% more likely not to fall behind appropriate grade level

What are current perspectives of evolutionary theories?

• emphasize genetic tendencies grounded in evolution.

• Evolutionary theories are impossible to test and tend to overlook human capacity to transform environment and self.

• a type of ecological theory of development

What are the current perspectives of bioecological model?

• Individual is placed in a broad context of development and interaction among various level factors.

• Key biological determinants of behavior development are not considered