Studied by 10 people
Fuselage, Wings, Empennage or Tail, Powerplant, Landing Gear
Components of an aircraft
Fuselage
The main body of an airplane
Wings
Airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage
Empennage
Known as the tail section
Vertical Stabilizer, Rudder, Horizontal Stabilizer, Elevator
Empennage is consisted of
Powerplant
The heart of the aircraft
Powerplant
A unit or machine that converts chemical energy contains in the fuel to thrust force
Thrust Force
Essential for moving the airplane forward and producing lift force.
Propeller
With the piston engine it is used to convert torque at engine shaft to be thrust.
Jet engine Output
It is the thrust force in the jet engine.
Landing Gear
Located underneath of the fuselage with shock strut
High strength to weight ratio
Light weight
Corrosion resistant
Should be non-flammable
High-quality
Airframe materials properties
Composite material
Most used material now in airframe construction
Wood
Steel & its alloys
Aluminum & its alloys
Titanium alloys
Magnesium alloys
Plastics and composite materials
Example of materials used in airframe construction
Truss Type
Monocoque
Semi-monocoque
Basic Fuselage Structure Types
Pratt Truss
Warren Truss
Two types of truss structure
Truss Type
Most early aircraft used this technique with wood and wire trusses and this type of structure is still used in many lightweight aircraft using welded steel tube trusses.
Monocoque
In this method, the exterior surface of the fuselage is also the primary structure.
Semi-monocoque
This is the preferred method of constructing an all aluminum fuselage.
Formers
Frame
Ring
Bulkhead
The basic structure vertical members
Longerons
Stringers
The basic structure longitudinal members
Semi-cantilever
Type of wing structure where the wing struts are usually attached approximately halfway out on the wing
Spars
Ribs
Stringers
The principal structural parts of the wing
Wing ribs
Determine the shape and thickness of the wing (airfoil)
Fuel tanks
They are either an integral part of the wing structure or consist of flexible containers mounted inside of the wing in most modern airplanes
Ailerons
Flaps
Two types of control surfaces attached to the rear or trailing edges of the wings
Ailerons
Extend from about the midpoint of each wing outward toward the tip and move in opposite directions to create aerodynamic forces that causes the airplane to roll
Flaps
Extend outward from the fuselage to near the midpoint of each and move simultaneously downward to increase the lifting force of the wing for takeoffs and landings
Empennage
The correct name for the tail section of an airplane
Rudder
Elevator
One or more trim tabs
The movable surfaces include
Stabilator
Incorporates a one-piece horizontal stabilizer that pivots from a central hinge point and is moved using the control stick
Rudder
Attached to the back of the vertical stabilizer and is used to move the airplane’s nose left and right
Elevator
Attached at the back of the horizontal stabilizer, and is used to move the nose of the airplane up and down during flight
Trim tabs
Small, movable portions of the trailing edge of the control surface
Landing Gear
The principle support of the airplane when parked, taxiing, taking off, or when landing
Convential landing gear
Landing gear employing a nearmounted wheel
Tail wheel airplanes
Referred to airplanes with conventional landing gear
Nose wheel
When the third wheel is located on the nose
Tricycle gear
The design of the nose wheel
Steerable nose wheel or tail wheel
Permits the airplane to be controlled throughout all operations while on the ground
Powerplant
Includes both the engine and the propeller
Engine
Its primary function is to provide power to turn the propeller
Cowling or Nacelle
The purpose is to streamline the flow of air around the engine and to help cool the engine by ducting air around the cylinders
Propeller
Mounted on the front of the engine, translates the rotating force of the engine into a forward acting force called thrust that helps move the airplane through the air.
Wing Pod Mount
Commonly use on commercial airplane since fuel is carry on wing
Fuselage Mount
Has no ground clearance limitation
Long live
Repairable / Less maintenance
Requirement for graceful degradation
Spacecraft operational characteristics
Payload fairing
Payload / Spacecraft
Payload adaptor
Stage structure
Thrust structure
Typical spacecraft structures
Strutted structure
Central cylindrical shell structures
Two categories of spacecraft structures
Payload fairing
It protects the payload; the frontliner
Heat engine
Converts chemical energy into heat energy
Reciprocating engine
A type of heat engine that derives its name from back-and-forth
Sputnik I
The first satellite that operated until January 3, 1958.
October 4, 1957
When did Sputnik I first operated?
Opposed engine
Most popular reciprocating engine used on light aircraft, 36 hp to 400 hp, has even number of cylinders, high power-to-weight ratios and vibrates less than other engines.
In-line engines
Has an even number of cylinders, aligned in a single row parallel with the crankshaft, liquid-cooled or air-cooled, small frontal area and allows for better streamlining least drag, and limited to four or six cylinders.
V Type engines
Arranged around a single crankshaft in two in-line banks that are 45, 60, 90 degrees apart; had two rows of cylinders, and 8 or 12 cylinders
Radial engines
Consists of a row or rows; greatest drag, lowest weight for horsepower ratios and problems in cooling.
Pratt and Whitney R-4360
The largest multiple-row radial engines
Crankcase
The foundation of reciprocating engine
Cylinders
The powerhouse of the engine/ head and barrel
Pistons
Cylindrical plunger / 4000 F
Connecting rods
Valves
Regulates the flow of gases
Poppet valve
The most common valve.
In-Line and V
Opposed
Radial
Types of engine crankcases
Spark plugs
Ignites air fuel mixtures
Piston Head
Ring Grooves
Ring Land
Piston Pin Boss
Piston Skirt
Piston parts
Plain Type
Master and Articulated
Fork and Blade
Types of connecting rods
Crankshaft
The backbone of a reciprocating engine
Valve Operating Mechanism
Consists of a cam ring or camshaft equipped with lobes that work against a cam roller or a cam follower.
Gas turbine engine (turbo jet)
Sucks in air and compresses or squeezes it. The gases flow through the turbine and make it spin. These gases bounce back and shoot out of the rear of the exhaust, pushing the plane forward.
External Combustion Engine
Internal Combustion Engine
Types of combustion engine
Reciprocating engine
Jet engines
Types of internal combustion engine
Aeolipile
Was invented by Hero, a mathematician in 250 BC.
Dr. Sanford Moss (1900)
Engr. for the General Electri Company who invented turbosupercharger
Sir Frank Whittle
A Royal Airforce Officer and is considered the father of Jet Propulsion. He received the first patent for the Jet Engine (1930)
Hans Von Ohain
The designer of the first operational turbojet engine, a German Engr., Physicist, and Aerodynamicist
Heinkel He-178 Aircraft
World’s first aircraft to fly using the thrust from a turbojet engine. August 27, 1939 was the first successful flight
Jet Propulsion
Propelling force generated in the direction opposite to the flow of mass of gas or liquid under the pressure which is escaping through a hole or opening called jet nozzle.
Increase the speed of exhaust gases
Increase the quantity of exhaust gases
Two ways on how to increase jet engine thrust
Air density
Air speed
Air Temperature
Air Pressure
RAM Pressure
Environmental factors affecting thrust
Non-air breathing ( closed)
Air breathing (open)
Types of reaction engines
Solid propellant
Liquid propellant
Hybrid propellant
Types of rocket propellants
Propellant
The chemical mixture burned
Fuel
A substance that burns
Oxidizer
An agent that releases oxygen
Mixture ratio
The ratio of oxidizer to fuel
Solid propellant motors
Simplest of all rocket designs
Ram jets
Pulse jets
Gas turbine engine
Types of air-breathing engine
Ramjet
Athodyd or aero-thermodynamic-duct that has no static thrust and no moving engine, the simplest
Scramjet
Supersonic combustion ramjet, a variant of ramjet
Pulse jet
Air intake duct is equipped with a series of shutter valves
Turbojet engine
Turboprop engine
Turboshaft engine
Turbofan engine
Types of gas turbine engine
Turbojet
A type of gas turbine engine that has compressed air
Turboprop engine
A gas turbine engine that delivers power to a propeller
Turboshaft engine
A gas turbine engine that delivers power to a shaft
Turbofan engine
The most efficient and multi-bladed ducted propeller driven by a gas turbine engine
Low bypass
Medium bypass
High bypass
Ultra bypass
Types of bypass ratios
Air inlet
Compressor
Diffuser
Combustion Section
Turbine
Exhaust
Major sections of gas turbine engine
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