Chapter_13Part1

Social Psychology

The study of the causes and consequences of sociality, focusing on how humans solve problems of survival and reproduction.

Aggression

Behavior whose purpose is to harm another, which all animals use to achieve goals.

Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis

The theory that all animals aggress when their goals are frustrated.

Proactive Aggression

A form of aggression that is deliberate and planned.

Reactive Aggression

A form of aggression that is impulsive in response to a threat.

Kin Selection

The process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives.

Reciprocal Altruism

Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future.

Homophily

The tendency of people to like those who are similar to themselves.

Group Polarization

The tendency for group members to move to more extreme positions than those initially held.

Groupthink

The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility.

Social Loafing

The tendency for individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group.

Bystander Intervention

The act of helping a person in need when others are present.

Prisoner’s Dilemma Game

A game that illustrates how two individuals may not cooperate even if it is in their best interest to do so.

Selectivity

The process by which individuals choose sexual partners, often with women being more selective.

Mere Exposure Effect

The tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure to a stimulus.

Interpersonal Perception

The process by which people come to understand others' thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and intentions.

Stereotyping

The process of drawing inferences about individuals based on their category membership.

In-group Favoritism

Positive evaluation of members of one's own group compared to members of other groups.

Cultural Influence on Aggression

Variations in aggression across cultures, affected by factors such as societal norms and exposure to violence.

Equity

A state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners in a relationship are roughly equal.

Social Cognition

The study of how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations.

Stereotyping

The process of drawing inferences about individuals based on their category membership.

Target-based Inferences

Inferences made about an individual based on specific characteristics or information about that person, rather than their category membership.