PROTIST- ALGAE

-able

capable of

Algae

protista that are photosynthetic

algae overall morphology

unicellular, colonial, filamentous, clublike, spiral, or larger form

algae cell membrane or cell walls

pellicle

3 major phycocolloids

alginates, agars and carragenance

carregenance

a biopolymer extracted from algae and is used extensively in the food industry for the formation of gels and emulsions to stabilize fat in milk, ice cream, and milk shakes.

planton

a large floating community of microscopic organisms

algae

produce most of the earth's oxygen

William Henry Harvey

Father of Modern Phycology

chlorophyta

green algae

rhodophyta

red seaweeds

phaeophyta

brown algae

chrysophyta

diatoms

pyrrophyta

dinoflagellates

euglenophyta

euglenids

Algae maybe arranged in colonies or strands and are found in

freshwater and salt water, in wet soil, and on wet rocks

large diversity in fresh water, very close to plants, same chemistry and morphology as plants

chlorophyta

Green algae include

desmids, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, and Euglena

7000. 10%

________ species of green algae and ____ is marine, many are unicellular

desmids

are unicellular algae, some of which resemble a microscopic banana.

spirogyra

is an example of a filamentous alga, often producing long green strands in pond water.comon names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed, reproduce through conjugation

chlamydomonas

is a unicellular, biflagellated alga, containing one chloroplast and a stigma

volvox

is a multicellular alga (sometimes referred to as a colonial alga or colony), consisting of as many as 60,000 interconnected, biflagellated cells, arranged to form a hollow sphere

euglena

a rather interesting alga, in that it possesses features possessed by both algae and protozoa. It contains chloroplasts, is photosynthetic, and stores energy in the form of starch. Protozoan features include the presence of a primitive mouth (called a cytostome) and the absence of a cell wall (hence, no cellulose).

red marine alga

The agar used as a solidifying agent in laboratory culture media is a complex polysaccharide derived from a

Red algae

the largest group of seaweeds about 4000 species most exclusively marine and found in most shallow marine water environment, Their cell walls are with gels

warm-water coraline red algae

actively involve in formation coral reefs

phycobilins

are water-soluble secondary pigments of red seaweeds, which can enhance solar energy utilization during photosynthesis. It mask chlorophyll

agar

it is used in bacteriology and mycology as a stiffening agent in growth media, used as a stabilizer for emulsion, and as a constituent of cosmetic skin preparations, ointments, and lotions

carrageenan is made from

gigartina stellata, chondrus crispus and eucheuma

agar is made from

gelidium,gracilaria,pteocladia, and ahnfeltia

brown alage

from phylum heterokonphyta, class phacophyta (phaeophyta), it exhibits the most complexy differentiated thalli

fucoxanthin

dominate over chlorophyl, a significant carotenoid pigment that is for healing/fat burning

kelps

a brown algae that is found deeper water below the lowest tide level. they from forest/beds can grow at least 50 cm per day in optimal condition, reaches 100 m.

Macrocystis pyrifera

giant kelp and a good source of algin

algin

(aligintae or alginic acid) anionic polysaccharide distributed widely in the cell walls of brown algae used as thickening agent in ice cream, toothpaste, shaving creams, hair sprays, and lotion

golden brown algae

from phylum chrysophyta, chryso- means color of gold

three types of golden-algae

yellow-green algae golden brown algae diatoms

diatoms

most abundant in seawater and freshwater habitat, shells are made in silica, major source of food of aquatic organisms

diatomaceous earth

shell of fossil diatoms form thick deposits on sea floor known as

dinoflagellates

produce light and, for this reason, are sometimes referred to as fire algae, are responsible for what known as “red tides”

Gonyaulax, in which contain neurotoxin and are poisonous to marine fauna

the dinoflagellates causing red tides are known as

algae that produces toxins

dinoflagellates, diatoms, and cyanobacteria

toxic dinoflagellates blooms

ciguatera fish poisoning diarrhetic shellfish poisoning neurotoxic shellfish poisoning paralytic shellfish poisoning

toxic diatom blooms

amnesic shellfish poisoning

fish kills

pfiesteria, chaetoceros, heterosigma

brown tides

aureococcus, auroumbra

Ciguatera fish poisoning

gambierdiscus toxicus (dinoflaggelates), releases, ciguatoxin (sodium) and maitotoxin (calcium), vectros are large fish, bottom dwellers, and reef fish

diarrhetic shellfish poisoning

Dinophysis acuminata, dinophysis fortii, prorocentrym lima Okadaic acids and dinophysis toxins

FDA level in shellfish

0.2 ppm okadaic acid plus 35 methyl-okadaic acid

neurotoxic shellfish poisoning

karenia brevis. Brevetoxins

What is Biomagnification

can be defined as the rise or increase in the contaminated substances caused by the intoxicating environment

FDA level in fish

0.8 ppm brevetoxin-2 equivalent

paralytic shellfish toxin

alexandrium spp. gymnodinium spp. pyrodinium spp. SAXITOXIN - a neurotoxinamnesic shellfish poisoning

amnesic shellfish poisoning

Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (diatoms) discovered in 1987 (price edward lsl., Canada) DOMOIC ACID AND GLUTAMIC ACID

eyespot ( stigma )

Euglenia have also an _______ at the interior end that detects light, it can be seen near the reservoir.With its stigma, it can sense light; with its flagellum, it can swim into the light. When there is no light, Euglena can continue to obtain nutrients by ingesting food through its cytostome. Although it has no cell wall, Euglena does possess a pellicle, which serves the same function as a cell wall—protection.Protothecosis

Protothecosis

otherwise known as Algaemia, is a dusease found in dogs, cats, cattle and humans caused by a type of green alga known as PROTOTHECA that lacks chlorphyll and enters the human or animal blood stream